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Background Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a multifactorial metabolic disease and妙far the most common；the overall prevalence of pre-diabetes is higher than diabetes, hence it is necessary to find a simple way to diagnose the latter.Cynomolgus model is much more suitable for the research of T2DM, so the aim of this study is to investigate the individual patternsof gene expression in peripheral blood monocyte during different diseases phases of T2DM.Methods The cynomolgus model ofT2DM was made, using middle or aged cynomogus monkeys with high-fat diet (15% lard). Based on the serum metaboliccharacteristics, the process of diabetes was divided into four stages： initial phase, metaphase, pre-clinical and clinical phase. ThemRNA relative expression of diabetes-associated genes was monitored using real-time quantitative PCR. Results The fasting plasmaglucose level was (7.58士L56) mmol/L (vs controls, P<0.01) in preclinical and clinical phase, while the 2-hour plasma glucose levelsfollowing oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) were (11.0616.05) mmoUL and (13.1212.89) mmol/L respectively (P<0.01). In ourstudy, 37 diabetes-associated genes were efficiently expressed in peripheral blood monocyte, of which 13 and 15 were respectivelydown-regulated and up-regulated in diabetic monkeys (P<0.05), while 3 of which had no expression in control Groups. ConclusionsHigh-fat diet can lead to diabetes for cynomolgus, and gene expression profile of cynomolgus peripheral blood monocyte withT2DM could serve as biomarkers of molecular diagnosis and risk warning in different diseases phases.