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Background: Epidemiological studies evaluating the association of α-linolenic acid (ALA) and linoleic acid (LA) with prostate cancer (PCa) risk have produced inconsistent results.Methods : Pertinent studies were identified by a search of MEDLINE and EMBASE.Fixed or random effect pooled measure was selected on the basis of homogeneity test among studies.Dose-response relationship was assessed by generalized least-squares trend estimation analysis and restricted cubic spline.Results: Overall, 15 studies with 276748 participants for ALA and 11 studies including 222840 participants for LA were used.The overall combined relative risk (95% confidence interval) of PCa for the highest vs.lowest category of ALA and LA intake was 1.043 (0.863-1.262) and 0.921 (0.819-1.034) ,respectively.In stratified analysis by study design, the association of dietary ALA intake with PCa was significant among cohort studies with relative risk being 0.886 (0.805-0.974).Within prospective studies linear dose-response relationship was found, and the risk of PCa decreased by 5.8% (RR=0.942, 95 % CI=0.901-0.985,P=0.01) for every 1.0 g/d increment in ALA intake.Conclusion: Results from prospective studies provide evidence of a protective effect of dietary ALA consumption on PCa.LA intake is not significantly associated with PCa risk.More studies, particularly prospective studies, are needed.