Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation(HSCT)is only suitable for early-stage adrenoleukodystrophy(ALD).In this study,we observed the therapeutic efficacy of combined transplantation of neural precursor cells(NPC)and olfactory ensheathing cells(OEC)on late-stage X-linked ALD in nine children who were admitted in our hospital between June 2009 and January 2014.Related patient information included onset time 3 months to 1 year,MRI score 11.02±0.90,and neurologic function score 2-3.All patients received combined transplantation of NPC and OEC by injection around the lateral angle of the frontotemporal-occipital lesion under MRI guidance.It was found that the visual function,sleep and communication obstacles were improved significantly without evidence of disease progression in six(66.7%)of the nine patients within one month after transplantation.In two of the six patients,the lesions became significantly smaller than before,though their MRI scores remained unchanged significantly.In addition,cell therapy did not induce any irreversible adverse event during the whole study period,indicating that combined transplantation of NPC and OEC was safe and reliable,and could improve the clinical manifestations of ALD in children within a short time.Although this cell therapy was not able to halt the progression of the disease 1-3 months after transplantation,it could still be used as an early treatment and provide patients with more opportunities for HSCT,which is the only effective long-term treatment for X-lined ALD at present.The preliminary results from this study suggest that comprehensive prevention strategy by a serial and combined transplantation may improve ALD patients some functions in short term,so there is still a long way to go in future.