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Solar cells, or photovoltaic devices, convert sunlight directly into electricity.These devices have been commercially available since the 1950s and represent a relatively mature technology.But the cost is still high compared to conventional energy sources like fossil fuels-too high for widespread adoption.Spurred on by the rising cost of oil and the need for energy technologies with much less environmental impact, a tremendous amount of progress has been made in the past few years towards developing new, low-cost photovoltaic device technologies.