Sediment retention, as an important regulating service, significantly impacts on agricultural productivity, flood control, pollutant transport and reservoir hydropower production.]Guizhou Pronvince of China is considered one of vulnerable regions suffering from serious soil erosion.In recent two decades, climate and land use underwent an obvious change, thereby produced a profound influence on sediment retention.Thus, we evaluated the impacts of climate and land use change on the sediment retention in Guizhou using the Integrated Valuation of Environmental Services and Tradeoffs (InVEST) model.Results for the study area suggest that the amount of sediment retained and sediment exported experienced a great fluctuation from 1990 to 2010 due to a dramatic climate change, and will continuously increase by 2020 under three different scenarios due to the increase of natural vegetation affecting by the Grain—to—Green project.Similarly, the change in spatial pattern of sediment retained and sediment exported also reflected the impacts of climate and land use change.In addition, the amount of sediment retained and sediment exported were highly sensitive to rainfall erosivity coefficient, soil erodibility coefficient, digital elevation model, flow threshold,crop—management factor and support practice factor for shrub land, grassland and arid land.The method for sensitivity analysis in this study will contribute to the similar study in other countries and regions.The results of this study can provide explicit spatial information for land, water and reservoir managers to reduce the damages and costs associated with sedimentation.