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Semiconductor photocatalysis involves many physicochemical processes including the generation of electron-hole pairs under light irradiation (hν ≥ Eg),the spatial separation of electrons and holes,and the redox reaction on the semiconductor surfaces.In these processes,the spatial charge separation plays a key role in determining the photocatalytic activity of semiconductors,and a thorough understanding of the driving force for charge separation is necessary for developing robust photocatalysts.