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Cellulose，hemicellulose and lignin contents in rice straw can be used as an index as regard to biochemical conversion for energy production. The use of near infrared reflectance spectroscopy(NIRS)was explored to estimate the contents of these three components in this paper. One hundred and seventy two Samples from different parts of China were analyzed by Van Soest method. Meanwhile the samples were scanned in reflectance using Foss NIR 6500 spectrophotometer. Different spectra pretreatments and regression methods were adopted to optimize the models. The determination coefficients of cross validation(R2cv)for cellulose，hemicellulose and lignin were 0.8344，0.6086，0.7797，respectively，and the standard errors of cross validation(SECV)were 1.3915，1.6185，0.6009，respectively. For validation，the standard errors of validation(SEP)and determination coefficient of validation(R2v)were 1.4880，1.5940，0.6520 and 0.8198，0.7132，0.7796，respectively. It was concluded that NIRS can easily distinguish high contents and low contents of cellulose，hemicellulose and lignin，and suggested the potential to conduct quantitative analysis.