The majority of smooth muscle tumors found in the uterus are benign, but uterine leiomyosarcoma (LMS) are extremely malignant, with high rates of recurrence and metastasis.The development of gynecologic tumors is often correlated with femalehormone secretion;however, the development of uterine LMS is not substantially correlated with hormonal conditions, and the risk factors are not clearly understood.The primary treatment for uterine leiomyosarcoma (LMS)is surgical resection, but this is often followed by local recurrence and distant metastasis.Since neither radiotherapy nor chemotherapy is effective, the establishment of critical diagnostic criteria and introduction of a new therapy for LMS is urgently needed.The determination of the malignant potential, especially metastatic competence represents a significant diagnostic conundrum with important therapeutic ramification.However, the development of invasive/metastatic competence by tumor cells remains a poorly understood, multifactorial process.Our own research took us into this area through a circuitous route.Previously, we reported that LMP2-deficientmice spontaneously develop uterine LMS with a disease prevalence of 40% by 14 months of age.In addition, we revealed a loss of ability to induce expression of LMP2 in deferential expression, especially cytokine, which regulated migration/invasion under the LMP2 condition.The discovery of cytokine differential expressions may provide new targets for diagnostic approaches and therapeutic intervention.