Radiation-induced (RI) tissue injuries can be caused by radiation therapy,nuclear accidents or radiological terrorism.In recent years,substantial progress has been made towards management of patients suffering from radiation injury.Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) and administration of haematopoietic growth factors have been widely used to mitigate radiation-induced bone marrow aplasia.However,there are still some problems associated with HSCT for severe myelosuppression cases,such as donor deficiency,a high morbidity for conditioning and complications resulted from transplantation.Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are multipotent adult stem cells capable of self renewal and multilineage differentiation.They have shown to migrate to injured tissues responding to radiation,enhance the recovery of haematopoiesis,prevent graft versus host disease post allogeneic HSCT,and attenuate radiation induced multi-organ injuries.Especially for patients locally irradiated in the circumstance of radiotherapy,MSCs display satisfactory effects for local radiation injury.Furthermore,it has been demonstrated that MSCs are superior to other stem cells in that they can be easily isolated from patients or donors,readily expanded ex vivo,and have low immunogenicity.In conclusion,therapeutic potential associated with these properties might further improve clinical outcomes of acute radiation exposure.This review focuses on the major scientific and clinical advances of MSCs infusion in models of radiation-induced multiple organ injuries.