1.The limitation of present medication for T2DM Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a multifactorial metabolic disorder disease, which results from defects in both insulin secretion and insulin action.Insulin acts on cells throughout the body to stimulate uptake, utilization and storage of glucose by inducing multiple signaling pathways in the tissues that express the transmembrane insulin receptor, especially in skeletal muscle that accounts for 75% of whole body insulin-stimulated glucose uptake.The reduced responsiveness of cells to insulin is due to defective intracellular signaling processes.It is therefore highly desirable to explore the agents that would be beneficial in restoring insulin signaling pathway of the skeletal muscle to treat diabetes.Even though oral antidiabetic agents such as thiazolidinedione and biguanide that enhance insulin sensitivity in both peripheral and hepatic tissues are effective in the treatment of hyperglycemia, these chemical agents are always showingunwanted effects during the long-term medication.2.A newly developed peptide for T2DM Soybean peptides have been widely used as a natural health food and supplements.It should be good for preventing obesity and diabetes because long-term feeding of soy peptide induced weight loss in obese mice.In healthy and diabetic animal models, soybean peptides decreased blood glucose by increasing insulin sensitivity and improving glucose tolerance.Aglycin is a 37 amino acid peptide isolated from soybean.Structurally, it has a high stability with six cysteines embedded in three disulfide bonds.It is also resistant to digestion by trypsin, pepsin, Glu-C and bovine rumen fluid.With a view to explore the pharmacological activity of aglycin in vivo, studies have been conducted to examine its therapeutical effect in diabetic mice, administered intragastrically as an oral agent.Treatment with aglycin was found to be significantly effective in controlling hyperglycemia and improving oral glucose tolerance.Furthermore, aglycin enhanced glucose uptake and glucose transporter recruitment to the C2C12 cell surface.Consistent with these effects, aglycin restored insulin signaling transduction by maintaining IR and IRS1 expression at both the mRNA and protein levels, as well as elevating the expression of p-IR, p-IRS 1, p-Akt, membrane GLUT4 protein.The results hence demonstrate that oral administration of aglycin can potentially be useful in attenuating or preventing hyperglycemia by increasing insulin receptor signaling pathway in the skeletal muscle in STZ/high-fat-diet-induced diabetic mice.