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A new effect of up-down co-conversion of violet and infrared light is predicted in Er3+ doped YbF3 nano-phosphors.The 542 nm green and 654 nm red emission bands in Er3+ doped YbF3 nano-phosphors are observed under 412 nm and 980 nm co-excitation at room temperature.About 276% relative enhancement and 5% absolute enhancement of red emission band are obtained under 412 nm and 980 nm co-excitation.The absolute enhancement intensity of 654 nm red emission proves the existence of the up-down co-conversion in Er3+ doped YbF3 nano-phosphors at room temperature under 412 nm and 980 nm co-excitation.