Malignant tumors remain a major health burden throughout the world and new strategies are urgently needed to treat them effectively.Cancer nanotechnology,as an integrated platform,has the potential to dramatically improve current approaches to cancer diagnosis,imaging,and therapy while reducing toxicity associated with traditional cancer therapy.The recent progress on understanding the critical roles and the underlying mechanisms of tumor microenvironment on tumor rapid growth and metastasis has made targeting the tumor microenvironment becomes a feasible strategy to improve the effectiveness of nanomaterials-based cancer diagnosis and therapy.