Quantum information, a combination of quantum mechanics and information science,is a new science that has developed rapidly in recent 20 years. As an important part of quantum information, quantum communication employs quantum states as the carriers of information, and transmits and processes information on the principle of quantum mechanics. Since the establishment of the global quantum network via satellite has become a hot topic, more and more attention has been paid to the effect of atmospheric channel on photons as information carriers. As a key resource in quantum information, quantum entanglement has been widely used in quantum communication. However, the degree of entanglement will decrease in atmospheric channel. Entanglement concentration can be used to overcame this difficulty To solve these problems, this thesis mainly carries out the following two researches: 1) theoretical research on the effects of the atmosphere on polarized photons in free space quantum key distribution; 2) optical realization of deterministic entanglement concentration of polarized photons. In the first research, we carries out the simulation of the transmission of polarized photons in atmosphere mainly adopting Monte Carlo method. Firstly, we establish the model of the transmission of polarized photons in atmosphere according to the Monte Carlo method and Mie scattering theory. Then, by programming we get the changes of the non-symmetric factor g, scattering phase function, distribution of the free-distance L, statistical results of the scattering angles, the coordinate distribution of the scattered photons and the changes of the Stokes vectors of polarized photons, all of which lay a good foundation for further in-depth study. In the second research, an experimental scheme has been proposed by which one can realize the deterministic entanglement concentration of polarized photons. In this scheme, the polarization states of two photons are first transferred to the polarization state and the path state of the third photon deterministically by means of quantum teleportation, which is made possible by the recent advance in Bell state measurement. Then the required POVM can be implemented deterministically by using a linear optical setup. All these are within the reach of current technology, and thus this scheme is experimentally feasible.