The research of novel sensor for optical distance measurement is a significant field in industry, exact measurement, computer vision, e.g. This PhD thesis is based on two "Project Based Personnel Exchange Program " (PPP) projects " Rotational symmetric optical distance sensor with optical freeform mirror surfaces for applications in industrial quality assurance" and "Augmented optical distance measurement system by integrated vision capability " , with a topic of " Optical and mechanical design of a rotationally symmetric triangulation sensor with an integrated vision system", is important in theoretical research and practical application.Main subject of this PhD thesis:(1) Raise a novel method of a rotationally symmetric triangulation. This method allows a more robust and more accurate distance measurement in comparison with classical triangulation. This new and powerful measurement tool has some important technical advantages: It allows a much more robust measurement, particularly at measurement objects with a complex geometry. The measurement system has at the same time a higher accuracy than comparable classical measurement systems and the optics can be manufactured by low costs.(2) Another significant innovation are the multifunctional optical elements, which integrate a vision system into the optics of the rotationally symmetric triangulation sensor. Thereby, both optical systems are coaxial systems. Hence, there is no shift of optics or of detector necessary. This is a novel and workable design.(3) Raise the optical and mechanical design including the design process for the optical system of the rotationally symmetric triangulation sensor. This design process allows an efficient development of an optical system for the novel sensor.(4) The results of theses work are the multifunctional optical elements with integrated optical surfaces for optical distance measurement and for vision. Next to it the mechanical hardware based on the optical design was developed and a mock up was realized. Additionally to the design process and the simulation of the novel rotationally symmetric triangulation sensor experiments are presented to verify the theoretical simulation. The experiments showed that: There are agreements between theory analysis and measurement results. The prototype with high accuracy and wide application fill international and country gaps in industryThis thesis is fluent, strict, and rich in content. There are agreements between theory analysis and measurement results. The research results have a great meaning in academic and practice. Relevant fields also can use the experience from this thesis. This is a high-level PHD thesis, it is showed that the author has a good command of professional knowledge, and has perfect ability for scientific research. The author is permit to attend thesis defense, and suggested to grand the PHD degree. This PHD thesis is suggested to be "A hundred excellent PHD thesis of CHINA".