基于足端力最优分配的四足机器人运动规划与控制研究

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关于腿足式的结构,在动物身上非常常见,由于这种结构运动灵活,且地形环境适应性强,腿足式动物几乎已经遍布于大陆上的各个地方。现如今,专家们依据腿足式结构研发出一种新式的移动机器人,那就是四足机器人。四足机器人具备地形适应性强的优势,这一优势使得四足机器人可以代替人完成一些任务,尤其是到一些危险之处执行任务,从而保障人们的生命安全。但是目前四足机器人的研发技术尚未成熟,大多数的四足机器人都存在稳定性弱、地形适应性较差的问题。针对这些问题,本课题对四足机器人运动控制与规划算法进行了相关的研究,并将工作内容分为运动学建模、状态与地形估计、运动规划与控制、仿真分析四个方面进行了论述。首先是通过分析四足机器人的结构特点,建立了机器人平台的数学模型。为了获得腿部关节转角与足端位置之间的联系,利用几何法推导了正逆运动学,并求解了足端工作空间,为后续优化提供了落足点位置的约束。其次是对四足机器人的状态信息和地形环境进行了感知估计。四足机器人自身的状态估计是基于卡尔曼滤波器实现的,该滤波器将机身的加速度、姿态角、腿部的编码器、触地信息相融合,估计了机器人的质心位移、速度和足端位置。为了感知地形环境,以便调整机器人在斜坡地形上的控制策略,利用最小二乘法,将四足机器人所处的局部地形拟合成一个空间平面,并通过该拟合地面推导了四足机器人需要的期望姿态角。然后对四足机器人的状态规划和运动建立了控制算法。关于支撑相的控制,是利用虚拟模型求解出机身期望的加速度,并通过最优求解计算出足端力的最优分布。关于摆动相的控制,是利用线性倒立摆的捕获点理论,对摆动腿的期望落足点进行了规划,并使用逆运动学将足端的轨迹控制转换到了关节空间控制。关于状态规划,是基于零力矩点模型,建立了作用力与状态量之间的约束条件,并以足端作用力的最优分布为成本函数,规划了四足机器人未来一段时间内的状态量。最后利用ADAMS和MATLAB联合仿真,进行一系列的虚拟仿真实验,包括姿态控制、质心位置控制、对角步态平地行走和爬坡行走等仿真测试。从仿真结果得出,四足机器人运动稳定,仿真数值与规划量变化趋势基本一致,说明本文提出的控制规划算法具有一定的可行性。
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