柑橘产区主要采后病原菌的调查和抗药性分析

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柑橘产区每年因病原菌的侵染造成柑橘采后腐烂病害的损失巨大,空气是一些病原菌扩散传播的主要媒介,由于气候、管理等条件的不同,不同柑橘产区空气中的微生物的种类和数量不一样,对柑橘产区空气中微生物的种类和数量进行检测有助于针对性的选择相应的药剂,同一地方长时间的使用某种或者某些药剂容易使得病原菌对其产生抗性。本研究对武汉、宜昌和赣州3个地方柑橘产区的空气中的微生物进行了调查,并分别从离体(in vitro)和活体两方面(in vivo)检测了意大利青霉(Penicillium italicum)、指状青霉(P.digitatum)、产黄青霉(P.chrysogenum)、扩展青霉(P.expansum)、皮落青霉(P.crustosum)、波兰青霉(P.polonicum)、黑色蒂腐病(Diplodia natalensis)、酸腐病(Geotriehum citri-aurantii)、炭疽病(Colletotrichum gloeosporioedes)、黑腐病(Alternaria citri)、乌来青霉(P.ulaiense)13株主要的柑橘采后病菌,对3个产区果农常用的柑橘采后防腐保鲜剂的抗性(指状青霉和意大利青霉分别两株,基中一株是意大利巴里大学赠送)。主要研究结果如下:1、3个产区空气中微生物的平均含量在每立方米空气中武汉为1100个,宜昌为1400个赣州为6000个,3个产区的优势病菌都为指状青霉和产黄青霉;2、嘧啶核苷类抗菌素(百农亲)对13种柑橘采后病菌失去了抑制效果(高强度抗性:1000ppm浓度药剂下,病原菌发病);3、2,4-D对13种柑橘采后病原菌均无抑制作用;4、多菌灵和甲基硫菌灵(甲基托布津)都属于苯并咪唑类药剂,产黄青霉、波兰青霉、酸腐病菌、黑腐病菌、皮落青霉、乌来青霉和指状青霉对其产生了不同程度的抗性,需要较高浓度(大于100ppm)才能抑制这些病原菌的生长;5、咪鲜胺类药剂对除酸腐病原菌以外的其它12种都有不同程度的抑制效果,100ppm的马克西姆咪鲜胺可以抑制酸腐病菌在柑橘上生长,其它品牌的咪鲜胺对酸腐病菌的抑制效果不好(高强度度抗性);6、百可得是3个柑橘产区都在使用的药剂,对所有13种病原菌都有效果,抑制酸腐病可使用200-400ppm的百可得稀释液;7、蒂腐病菌和炭疽病菌对抑霉唑产生了低强度抗性,黑腐病菌和酸腐病菌对抑霉唑产生了中强度抗性。
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