关于英国14世纪的危机问题,学者们关注到了饥荒和黑死病在其中造成的社会影响。在考察造成饥馑、瘟疫的原因时,学者们存在诸多分歧。波斯坦以人口和资源理论对这一问题作出阐释,20世纪60年代后出版的一些人口学研究成果也较多支持这一理论,但受到许多学者的批评和挑战。近年来,一批环境史学家结合树轮年代学的研究方法,将自然环境作为重要因素放入对14世纪饥荒和黑死病等危机问题的考察中。坎贝尔认为外生环境因素更为重要,特别是气候的改变使潜在社会经济条件恶化。在阐释瘟疫、饥馑所造成的社会影响问题上,学者们认为最直接的影响就是人口的锐减。波斯坦认为,由于中世纪农业资源与人口比例的失衡,导致了这一时期人口的高死亡率。英国学者菲利普·斯科菲尔德、帕梅拉·南丁格尔提出新证据来论证危机中的死亡率问题,进一步解释引起人口升降的原因。随着这些学者从新角度来论证这些问题以及提出新的证据,都将丰富我们之前对英国14世纪危机问题的看法。 With regard to the crisis of the 14th century in Britain, scholars concerned about the social impact of famine and the Black Death. There are many differences between scholars in examining the causes of hunger and plague. Postein explained the issue with the theory of population and resources. Some demographic studies published after the 1960s also support this theory more, but it has been criticized and challenged by many scholars. In recent years, a group of environmental historians combined with tree-ring chronology research methods, the natural environment as an important factor into the fourteenth century famine and black death and other crisis investigation. Campbell argues that exogenous environmental factors are more important, especially as climate change worsens the underlying socio-economic conditions. In explaining the social impact caused by the plague and famine, scholars think the most direct impact is the sharp drop in population. Postein argues that the high mortality rate of the population during this period was due to the imbalance of agricultural resources and population in the Middle Ages. British scholar Phillip Schofield, Pamela Nightingale put forward new evidence to demonstrate the crisis in the crisis rate, to further explain the causes of population movements. As these scholars demonstrate these issues from a new perspective and come up with new evidence, it will enrich our previous views on the 14th century crisis in Britain.