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摘要: 具体思维和抽象思维是人的思维的两种形式,具体表达和抽象表达在英汉两种语言中都存在,但由于文化影响的不同,偏重也就不一样,英语偏重于抽象,汉语偏向于具体表达 。在英译汉时,为了使译文通俗易懂,常常将抽象形象具体化;而有时在翻译英语中的一些形象表达的词句时反而不得不采用抽象表达法。
关键词: 具体表达;抽象表达;翻译
【中图分类号】G623.31【文献标识码】A【文章编号】2236-1879(2017)04-0053-02人的思维方式有两种,也就是具体思维和抽象思维,因此也就有了形象和抽象两种表达方式。由于英汉两种语言各自经历了不同的发展并受到不同的文化的影响,两种语言在表达上的形象和抽象程度往往不一样,在翻译中就必须注意这一点,既要传达出原语的意思又要符合译语的习惯用法。
形象说法比较生动,英汉两种语言中有许多类似的形象说法。因此,在翻译的过程中应尽量保持原来的形象说法,例如:
We know we must strike while the iron is hot.我们知道我们必须趁热打铁。
They were only shedding crocodile tears at the boy’s sufferings.对于孩子们受的罪,他们只是流着鳄鱼的眼泪。
Everything you say to him goes in at one ear and out at the other .你跟他说什么,他都是一只耳朵进,一只耳朵出。
有时候,两种语言的形象说法不完全一样,但可找到类似的说法,这时可借用类似的说法进行翻译,例如:
Wall have ears.隔墙有耳。
It’s no use crying over spilt milk.覆水难收。
At most he is an empty vessel.他最多只是半瓶醋。
At that time he was head over heels in debt.那是他欠了一屁股的债。
很多情况下,英语比较笼统而概念化的说法译成汉语时可采用形象的说法,即将其具体化,使译文更生动而大为增色,例如:
Trifles 鸡毛蒜皮 odds and ends 针头线脑 all by oneself 单枪匹马
Most likely 十有八九 very anxious to return home 归心似箭
Have not cut off relations completely 藕断丝连
Full of anxiety and worry 牵肠挂肚
He was really stunned by the news.这消息让他目瞪口呆。
I should have been almost stupefied for one circumstance.要不是出现了另一种情况,我肯定成了呆若木鸡的傻瓜。
There is more to their life than political and social and economic problems,more than transient everydayness.他们的生活远不止那些政治的、社会的和经济的问题,远不止一时的柴米油盐问题。
I ask gentlemen,sir,what means this martial array ,if its purpose be not to force us to submission?请问诸位先生,摆出这种张牙舞爪的阵势,如果不是为了使我们屈服,还有什么目的呢?
反过来,英语中一些很形象的说法,既不能照字面翻译,在汉语中也很难找到类似的形象说法,在翻译时只好加以抽象化,用比较概念的说法,如:
Put the finger on 告发
Pull wool over someone’s eye蒙蔽
Give one rope to hang oneself自作自受
Wake a sleeping dog惹是生非
Have an old head on young shoulders少年老成
下面各句在翻译时都采用了抽象化的办法:
The president stood there,had in hand,begging Congress for the votes.总统站在那里,毕恭毕敬地请求国会议员们投赞成票。
I hope this concession of ours will set the ball running.我希望我们的让步会打开局面。
Sometimes,walking the street at night,I have been so desperate I’ve made up my mind to win the horse or loose the saddle .有时候晚上走在街上我感到十分绝望,只好橫下心来去冒险。
You’d better have two strings to your bow , just in case of emergency.你最好作两手准备,以防万一。
It’s very plain that the old man and I will remain at daggers to the end of our lives,and that I have nothing to expect from him.很明显,我同老头子至死也是势不两立,我不会从他那儿得到什么。 有时候,由于文体的需要也可将具体的说法加以抽象化,如:
In the modern world salt has many uses beyond the dining table.在现代世界,盐除了食用还有许多其它用途。
First of all,a word of
warning is necessary about the use of the term oil.首先要说明,使用“石油”这个词必须特别小心。
Electric power became the servant of man only after the motor was invented.只是在电动机发明之后,电力才开始造福人类。
Now,able to pay his own expenses,he continued his schooling at the university,where he received a doctor’s degree in 1905.由于在经济上已能独立,他进入大学继续自己的学业,于1905年获得博士学位。
The downward spiral of his family is linked to the disintegration of Newark’s most impoverished neighborhoods.他家境的急剧恶化与内瓦克最穷的地区崩溃有关。
总之,具体表达和抽象表达在英汉两种语言中都存在,但由于文化影响的不同,偏重也就不一样,英语偏重于抽象,汉语偏向于具体表达。在英译汉时,为了使译文通俗易懂,常常将抽象形象具体化;而有时在翻译英语中的一些形象表达的词句时反而不得不采用抽象表达法。
参考文献
[1]李瑞华(主编).英汉语言文化对比研究[M].上海:上海外语教育出版社,1996.
[2]刘宓庆.翻译教学: 实务与理论[M].北京:中国对外翻译出版公司,2003.
[3]陈福康.中国译学理论史稿》(修订本)[M].上海:上海外语教育出版社,2000.
[4]程希岚.修辞学新編[M].吉林:吉林人民出版社,1984.
[5]冯翠华.英语修辞大全[M].北京:外语教学与研究出版社,1995.
[6]胡曙中.英汉修辞比较研究[M].上海:上海外语教育出版社,1993.
关键词: 具体表达;抽象表达;翻译
【中图分类号】G623.31【文献标识码】A【文章编号】2236-1879(2017)04-0053-02人的思维方式有两种,也就是具体思维和抽象思维,因此也就有了形象和抽象两种表达方式。由于英汉两种语言各自经历了不同的发展并受到不同的文化的影响,两种语言在表达上的形象和抽象程度往往不一样,在翻译中就必须注意这一点,既要传达出原语的意思又要符合译语的习惯用法。
形象说法比较生动,英汉两种语言中有许多类似的形象说法。因此,在翻译的过程中应尽量保持原来的形象说法,例如:
We know we must strike while the iron is hot.我们知道我们必须趁热打铁。
They were only shedding crocodile tears at the boy’s sufferings.对于孩子们受的罪,他们只是流着鳄鱼的眼泪。
Everything you say to him goes in at one ear and out at the other .你跟他说什么,他都是一只耳朵进,一只耳朵出。
有时候,两种语言的形象说法不完全一样,但可找到类似的说法,这时可借用类似的说法进行翻译,例如:
Wall have ears.隔墙有耳。
It’s no use crying over spilt milk.覆水难收。
At most he is an empty vessel.他最多只是半瓶醋。
At that time he was head over heels in debt.那是他欠了一屁股的债。
很多情况下,英语比较笼统而概念化的说法译成汉语时可采用形象的说法,即将其具体化,使译文更生动而大为增色,例如:
Trifles 鸡毛蒜皮 odds and ends 针头线脑 all by oneself 单枪匹马
Most likely 十有八九 very anxious to return home 归心似箭
Have not cut off relations completely 藕断丝连
Full of anxiety and worry 牵肠挂肚
He was really stunned by the news.这消息让他目瞪口呆。
I should have been almost stupefied for one circumstance.要不是出现了另一种情况,我肯定成了呆若木鸡的傻瓜。
There is more to their life than political and social and economic problems,more than transient everydayness.他们的生活远不止那些政治的、社会的和经济的问题,远不止一时的柴米油盐问题。
I ask gentlemen,sir,what means this martial array ,if its purpose be not to force us to submission?请问诸位先生,摆出这种张牙舞爪的阵势,如果不是为了使我们屈服,还有什么目的呢?
反过来,英语中一些很形象的说法,既不能照字面翻译,在汉语中也很难找到类似的形象说法,在翻译时只好加以抽象化,用比较概念的说法,如:
Put the finger on 告发
Pull wool over someone’s eye蒙蔽
Give one rope to hang oneself自作自受
Wake a sleeping dog惹是生非
Have an old head on young shoulders少年老成
下面各句在翻译时都采用了抽象化的办法:
The president stood there,had in hand,begging Congress for the votes.总统站在那里,毕恭毕敬地请求国会议员们投赞成票。
I hope this concession of ours will set the ball running.我希望我们的让步会打开局面。
Sometimes,walking the street at night,I have been so desperate I’ve made up my mind to win the horse or loose the saddle .有时候晚上走在街上我感到十分绝望,只好橫下心来去冒险。
You’d better have two strings to your bow , just in case of emergency.你最好作两手准备,以防万一。
It’s very plain that the old man and I will remain at daggers to the end of our lives,and that I have nothing to expect from him.很明显,我同老头子至死也是势不两立,我不会从他那儿得到什么。 有时候,由于文体的需要也可将具体的说法加以抽象化,如:
In the modern world salt has many uses beyond the dining table.在现代世界,盐除了食用还有许多其它用途。
First of all,a word of
warning is necessary about the use of the term oil.首先要说明,使用“石油”这个词必须特别小心。
Electric power became the servant of man only after the motor was invented.只是在电动机发明之后,电力才开始造福人类。
Now,able to pay his own expenses,he continued his schooling at the university,where he received a doctor’s degree in 1905.由于在经济上已能独立,他进入大学继续自己的学业,于1905年获得博士学位。
The downward spiral of his family is linked to the disintegration of Newark’s most impoverished neighborhoods.他家境的急剧恶化与内瓦克最穷的地区崩溃有关。
总之,具体表达和抽象表达在英汉两种语言中都存在,但由于文化影响的不同,偏重也就不一样,英语偏重于抽象,汉语偏向于具体表达。在英译汉时,为了使译文通俗易懂,常常将抽象形象具体化;而有时在翻译英语中的一些形象表达的词句时反而不得不采用抽象表达法。
参考文献
[1]李瑞华(主编).英汉语言文化对比研究[M].上海:上海外语教育出版社,1996.
[2]刘宓庆.翻译教学: 实务与理论[M].北京:中国对外翻译出版公司,2003.
[3]陈福康.中国译学理论史稿》(修订本)[M].上海:上海外语教育出版社,2000.
[4]程希岚.修辞学新編[M].吉林:吉林人民出版社,1984.
[5]冯翠华.英语修辞大全[M].北京:外语教学与研究出版社,1995.
[6]胡曙中.英汉修辞比较研究[M].上海:上海外语教育出版社,1993.