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功利主义和基于常识的美德伦理学都没有像常识道德或康德伦理学那样忽视或贬低自利。不过,它们和利己及利他发生关联的方式不尽相同。它们都是我-他对称的,但它们所支持的是两种不同的、实际上互不相容的我-他对称的理想状态。对功利主义来说,自我与其他每个人等价。这种形式的我-他对称不仅取消了自我与他人之间、不同的他人之间的区别,从一种分离的意义上来看待每个个体,而且在很多情况下,主体的幸福在众多他人的利益面前很有可能会遭到忽视或牺牲。按照常识美德伦理学,一个行为如果能把自身的利益与“作为一个类”的他人的利益放在大致平衡的位置上,那它就是可赞的。由此立场出发,常识美德伦理学就有一种独特的一般律令,即在兼顾自我与作为一个类的他人的利益的基础上行动。这样一来,美德伦理学以自己独特的方式回答了“一个人应该如何生活”的问题。常识美德伦理的本质在于其可赞性标准,这种标准可以取代道义论式的道德判断成为整个伦理学的基础。事实上,常识美德伦理及其可赞性标准并非完全与道义论论断相矛盾,反而可以在一定程度上容纳“应该”判断,通过语法上的祈使句来指导自我与他人的行为。因此,常识美德伦理学完全可以构成一种整全的伦理学视野和理论。
Both utilitarianism and common-sense-based virtue ethics do not neglect or belittle self-interest as common morality or Kant’s ethics do. However, there are different ways in which they relate to self-interest and altruism. They are all me - he is symmetrical, but what they support is two different, virtually mutually exclusive me - his perfect state of symmetry. For utilitarianism, the ego is equal to everyone else. This form of me - his symmetry not only eliminates the distinction between self and others, but also between different individuals, in the sense of a separate view of each individual, and in many cases, the main body of happiness in many others Interests are most likely to be overlooked or sacrificed. According to common-sense virtue ethics, an act is praiseworthy if it is placed in an approximately balanced position in the interest of one’s own interest and that of others as a category. From this standpoint, common-sense virtue ethics has a unique general law, that is, acting on the basis of the self and the interests of others as one category. As a result, virtue ethics answers the question “how should one live” in his own unique way. The essence of common sense virtue ethics lies in its admirable standard, which can replace the moral judgment of moral theory as the basis of the whole ethics. In fact, the common-sense virtue ethics and its praiseworthy standards do not completely contradict the moral theories. Instead, they can accommodate “should ” judgment to some extent and guide the self and others through grammatical imperatives. Therefore, common sense virtue ethics can constitute a complete ethics perspective and theory.