随着电子信息技术的发展,微波在军事和民用领域的应用越来越广泛.相应的电磁辐射污染成为全球关注的问题.为了合成厚度薄、密度低、吸收频带宽和吸收强度高的电磁波吸收材料,研究者们进行了大量的努力.碳基材料由于重量轻、衰减能力强、比表面积大和优异的物理化学稳定性,在电磁波吸收方面表现出巨大的潜力.本文首先介绍了吸波材料的衰减理论和影响吸波性能的因素.接下来,总结了不同维度的纯炭材料(如0维炭球、一维炭纳米管、二维炭片和三维多孔炭)以及由碳和磁性物质、陶瓷、金属硫化物、Mxene以及导电聚合物等异质成分组成的复合材料的研究现状.详细介绍了吸波剂的代表性合成方法、吸波性能以及衰减机理.最后,提出了对于未来挑战和发展前景的看法.“,”With the development of electronic information technology, the use of microwaves in military and civilian fields is be-coming more and more widespread. The corresponding electromagnetic radiation pollution has become a global concern. Numerous efforts have been made to synthesize thin electromagnetic wave absorbing materials with a low density, wide absorption bandwidth and high absorption. Carbon-based materials have great potential in electromagnetic wave absorption because of their lightweight, high attenuation ability, large specific surface area and excellent physicochemical stability. The attenuation theory of absorption ma-terials and the factors that influence their absorption performance are provided first. Next, we summarize the research status of car-bon materials with different morphologies (such as 0D carbon spheres, 1D carbon nanotubes, 2D carbon platelets, and 3D porous car-bons) and their composites with various materials such as magnetic substances, ceramics, metal sulfides, MXene and conductive polymers. The synthesis methods, properties and attenuation mechanisms of these absorbers are highlighted, and prospects and chal-lenges are considered.