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转移核糖核酸(tRNA)的转录后修饰对tRNA正常行使生物学功能具有重要意义,这些功能包括tRNA的正确折叠和维持其稳定性、在核糖体上正确解码。虽然tRNA转录后大部分核苷酸修饰形式在20世纪70年代已被鉴定出,但最近才在大肠杆菌及酵母中鉴定出催化这些tRNA核苷酸修饰的酶的绝大部分基因。这些修饰酶基因的鉴定为研究tRNA转录后修饰的生物功能开启了新的大门。人胞质tRNA和线粒体tRNA(mt tRNA)都存在大量核苷酸修饰,这些修饰的缺陷常常与多种人类疾病相关。因此,研究tRNA核苷酸修饰有助于我们了解相关疾病的发病机理。
Post-transcriptional modifications of tRNAs are important for the normal biological function of tRNAs, including correct folding of tRNAs and maintenance of their stability for correct decoding on ribosomes. Although most of the nucleotide modifications after tRNA transcription have been identified in the 1970s, most of the enzymes that catalyze nucleotide nucleotide modifications of these tRNAs have recently been identified in E. coli and yeast. The identification of these modified enzyme genes opens new doors for studying the biological function of tRNA post-transcriptional modifications. There are numerous nucleotide modifications in both human cytoplasmic tRNA and mitochondrial tRNA (mt tRNA), and defects in these modifications are often associated with a variety of human diseases. Therefore, studying tRNA nucleotide modifications helps us to understand the pathogenesis of related diseases.