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环境伦理中人类中心主义与非人类中心主义之争纠缠于是否承认非人自然物具有内在价值,但“内在价值”概念深深地依赖于个体主义的思想框架,源于笛卡尔和康德的哲学。个体主义预设个人具有独立于他人的自主性,因而具有内在价值。其实,个人的自主性依赖于理性,但个人理性总是在特定的生活共同体或文化共同体中生成的,脱离了生活共同体个人就无从形成其理性。个人只具有相对的独立性和自主性。个人价值取决于个人对他人和共同体的作用(既包括积极的也包括消极的)。关于非人动植物也有内在价值的论证是难以自圆其说的。人类中心主义的要害在于相信人类理性或科学的进步将日益穷尽自然的一切奥秘,相信技术的进步将保证人类能随心所欲地制造物品、改造环境。纠正这一致命错误才是摆脱现代文明之危机的关键。
The debate between anthropocentrism and non-anthropocentrism in environmental ethics is entangled in whether to admit the inherent value of non-human natural objects. However, the notion of “intrinsic value” deeply depends on the ideological framework of individualism, and origins from Descartes and Kant’s philosophy. Individualism has the intrinsic value of the default individual independent of others. In fact, individual autonomy depends on reason, but personal rationality is always generated in a specific life community or cultural community, and individuals can not form their own reason without themselves. Individuals only have relative independence and autonomy. Personal value depends on the individual’s role in the community (both positive and negative). Argument about nonhuman animals and plants that have intrinsic value is hard to justify. The crux of anthropocentrism lies in believing that the progress of human reason or science will increasingly exhaust all the secrets of nature. It is believed that advances in technology will ensure that mankind can manufacture goods at will and transform the environment at will. Correcting this fatal mistake is the key to getting rid of the crisis of modern civilization.