溶质和溶剂的本性对它们能否形成一种溶液有着十分重要的影响。化学家们早就注意到,物质趋于溶解在与其分子间力相似的溶剂之中。这就是说,极性物质容易溶解在极性溶剂里,而不容易溶解在非极性溶剂里;非极性物质容易溶解在非极性溶剂里,而不容易溶解在极性溶剂里。正如极性的氯化钠易溶解在极性的水中,而不易溶解在非极性的苯中;反之,非极性的四氯化碳易溶解在非极性的苯中,而不易溶解在极性的水中。这就是常说的“相似相溶”。首先让我们看看气体在水中的溶解情况。为什么氯化氢气体极易溶解于水,而氧气或氮气则很难溶解呢?原来,氯化氢是一种极性物质.氯化氢分子间通过偶极和偶极的作用而相互吸引。这些分子 The nature of the solute and solvent has a very important influence on whether they can form a solution. Chemists have long noticed that substances tend to dissolve in solvents that are similar to their intermolecular forces. This means that polar substances are easily dissolved in polar solvents and not easily dissolved in non-polar solvents; non-polar substances are easily dissolved in non-polar solvents and not easily dissolved in polar solvents. Just as polar sodium chloride is easily dissolved in polar water, it is not easily dissolved in non-polar benzene; vice versa, non-polar carbon tetrachloride is easily dissolved in non-polar benzene and not easily dissolved in Polar water. This is often said “like similarity ”. Let us first look at the dissolution of gas in water. Why hydrogen chloride gas is easily dissolved in water, but oxygen or nitrogen is difficult to dissolve it? Originally, hydrogen chloride is a polar substance. Hydrogen chloride molecules attract each other through the role of dipole and dipole. These molecules