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英语中的分词有两种:现在分词和过去分词。及物动词的现在分词表示正在进行和主动意义,
过去分词表示已经完成和被动意义。现将常用的英语分词的用法归纳如下,供大家参考。
1.作定语
分词可用来修饰名词或代词,并和所修饰的词在逻辑上有主谓关系。
(1)前置定语
单个分词作定语时,通常放在被修饰名词之前,作前置定语。例如:
What exciting news it is!
这是多么令人振奋人心的消息!
There were a lot of excitedpeople at the concert.演奏会上,很多人兴奋不已。
(2)后置定语
a、少数单个分词(尤其是过去分词为多)作定语时,也可作后置定语。例如:
Make sentences with the wordsgiven .用所给的词造句。
b、单个分词作不定代词的定语时,要放在被修饰代词之后,作后置定语。例如:
Is there angthingunsolved ?
还有没解决的问题吗?
There is somethingmissing .
有东西丢失了。
c、分词短语作定语时,要放在被修饰名词之后,作后置定语。这时的分词短语相当于一个定
语从句。例如:
Do you know the old womansitting under the tree ?(=Do you know the old womanwho is sitting under the tree ?)
你认识坐在树下的那个老太太吗?
There comes a girldressed in red .(=There comes a girlwho is dressed in red .)
一个穿红衣服的女孩走过来了。
2.作表语
分词作表语,相当于形容词。现在分词作表语通常表示主语所具有的性质或特征,含有“令
人……的”意思。过去分词作表语多表示主语所处的情形或状态,含有“感到……的”意思。例如:
The match was verydisappointing .
这场比赛令人失望。
They were verydisappointed .
他们都非常失望。
3.作补语
(1)作宾语补语
a、分词作宾语补足语,宾语和现在分词(主动意义)有逻辑上的主谓关系,宾语和过去分词
(被动意义)有逻辑上的动宾关系。
分词通常用在see,hear,watch,notice,feel,find等感官动词或have,get,make等使役动
词的宾语之后,补充说明宾语的动作或状态。例如:
I found the manbeating his dog there .(=I foundthat the man was beating his dog there .)
我发现那个人在那儿打狗。
I found the manbeaten black and blue .(=I foundthat the man was beaten black and blue .)
我发现那个人被打得浑身青一块紫一块儿的。
过去分词在动词have,get之后作宾语补足语时,常常表示这动作不是由主语完成的,而是由
别人完成的。例如:
I want tohave my shoes repaired .(= My shoes are repaired by somebody .)
我想修鞋。
b、现在分词和不定式作宾语补足语在意义上有所不同。现在分词作宾语补足语,表示动作正
在进行,即动作处在发生过程中,还没有结束;而不定式作宾语补足语表示动作的全过程,即动作
已结束了。例如:
I saw himgoing out.我看见他正在往外走。(正在发生)I saw himgo out.我看见他出去了。
(全过程)Do you hear someoneknockingat the door? 你听见有人在敲门吗?(正在发生)Yes,I heardhimknock three times.是的,我听见他敲了三下。(全过程)
(2)作主语补足语
带有分词作宾语补足语的句子如果改为被动语态时,分词不变,但这时分词就不再作宾补足
语,而是作主语补足语。例如:
A man was seensitting under the tree .
看见有个人坐在那棵树下。
The door was foundopened.
发现门被打开。
4.作状语
现在分词作状语,一般句子主语就是分词的主语。
(1)时间状语
分词作时间状语相当于when引导的时间状语从句,若两个动作同时发生,可以在分词前加入
连词when或while。例如:
Seeing the teacher entering the room,the students stood up.(= When the students sawthe teacher entering the room,they stood up.)
学生们看到老师进来,都站了起来。
Seen from the moon,the earth looks like a ball.(= When the earth is seenfrom the moon,it looks like a ball.)
从月球上看,地球像个圆球。
(2)原因状语
分词作原因状语时相当于as,since或because所引导的原因状语从句。例如:
Not knowingwhat to do about it,I asked my teacher for advice.(= Because I didn’t know what to do about it,I asked my teacher for advice.)
由于我不知道该怎么办,就征求老师的意见。
Encouragedby his speech,the students decided to work hard.(= As the students were encouragedby his speech,they decided to work hard.)
受他讲话的鼓舞,学生们决定努力学习。
(3)条件状语
分词作条件状语时相于if或unless引导的条件状语从句,也可在分词短语前加if或unless。
例如:
Reading more carefully,you’ll learn something new.(= If you readmorecarefully,you’ll learnsomething new.)
如果你读得更认真些,你就会学到一些新东西。
Given another chance,he’ll succeed.(= If he is givenanother chance,he’ll succeed.)
如果再给他一次机会,他一定会成功。
(4)结果状语
分词作结果状语时相当于that引导的结果状语从句或并列句。例如:
The bottle dropped to the ground, breaking into pieces.(=The bottle dropped to the groundthat it brokeinto pieces.)
瓶子掉在地上摔碎了。
The old writer died all of a sudden, leaving his works unfinished.(=The old writer died all of a sudden, and he lefthis works unfinished.)
这位年迈的作家没有完成他的著作就突然离开人世了。
(5)让步状语
分词短语作让步状语相当于让步状语从句。例如:
Tired,the old man continued to work.(= Even though the old man was tired ,he continued to work.)
尽管老人累了,他仍继续干活。
Althoughbuilt many years ago,the machines are still working in perfect order.(= Although the machines were mademany years ago, they are still working in perfect order.)
虽然这些机器是很多年前制造的,但现在仍然运行良好。
(6)方式状语或伴随状语
分词短语作方式状语或伴随状语时,没有对应的状语从句。例如:
He came,running back to tell me the good news.
他跑回来告诉我这个好消息。
The teacher hurried to the office, followedby five students.
五个学生跟着老师匆匆忙忙地走进了办公室。
(审稿:马燕编校:王静)
过去分词表示已经完成和被动意义。现将常用的英语分词的用法归纳如下,供大家参考。
1.作定语
分词可用来修饰名词或代词,并和所修饰的词在逻辑上有主谓关系。
(1)前置定语
单个分词作定语时,通常放在被修饰名词之前,作前置定语。例如:
What exciting news it is!
这是多么令人振奋人心的消息!
There were a lot of excitedpeople at the concert.演奏会上,很多人兴奋不已。
(2)后置定语
a、少数单个分词(尤其是过去分词为多)作定语时,也可作后置定语。例如:
Make sentences with the wordsgiven .用所给的词造句。
b、单个分词作不定代词的定语时,要放在被修饰代词之后,作后置定语。例如:
Is there angthingunsolved ?
还有没解决的问题吗?
There is somethingmissing .
有东西丢失了。
c、分词短语作定语时,要放在被修饰名词之后,作后置定语。这时的分词短语相当于一个定
语从句。例如:
Do you know the old womansitting under the tree ?(=Do you know the old womanwho is sitting under the tree ?)
你认识坐在树下的那个老太太吗?
There comes a girldressed in red .(=There comes a girlwho is dressed in red .)
一个穿红衣服的女孩走过来了。
2.作表语
分词作表语,相当于形容词。现在分词作表语通常表示主语所具有的性质或特征,含有“令
人……的”意思。过去分词作表语多表示主语所处的情形或状态,含有“感到……的”意思。例如:
The match was verydisappointing .
这场比赛令人失望。
They were verydisappointed .
他们都非常失望。
3.作补语
(1)作宾语补语
a、分词作宾语补足语,宾语和现在分词(主动意义)有逻辑上的主谓关系,宾语和过去分词
(被动意义)有逻辑上的动宾关系。
分词通常用在see,hear,watch,notice,feel,find等感官动词或have,get,make等使役动
词的宾语之后,补充说明宾语的动作或状态。例如:
I found the manbeating his dog there .(=I foundthat the man was beating his dog there .)
我发现那个人在那儿打狗。
I found the manbeaten black and blue .(=I foundthat the man was beaten black and blue .)
我发现那个人被打得浑身青一块紫一块儿的。
过去分词在动词have,get之后作宾语补足语时,常常表示这动作不是由主语完成的,而是由
别人完成的。例如:
I want tohave my shoes repaired .(= My shoes are repaired by somebody .)
我想修鞋。
b、现在分词和不定式作宾语补足语在意义上有所不同。现在分词作宾语补足语,表示动作正
在进行,即动作处在发生过程中,还没有结束;而不定式作宾语补足语表示动作的全过程,即动作
已结束了。例如:
I saw himgoing out.我看见他正在往外走。(正在发生)I saw himgo out.我看见他出去了。
(全过程)Do you hear someoneknockingat the door? 你听见有人在敲门吗?(正在发生)Yes,I heardhimknock three times.是的,我听见他敲了三下。(全过程)
(2)作主语补足语
带有分词作宾语补足语的句子如果改为被动语态时,分词不变,但这时分词就不再作宾补足
语,而是作主语补足语。例如:
A man was seensitting under the tree .
看见有个人坐在那棵树下。
The door was foundopened.
发现门被打开。
4.作状语
现在分词作状语,一般句子主语就是分词的主语。
(1)时间状语
分词作时间状语相当于when引导的时间状语从句,若两个动作同时发生,可以在分词前加入
连词when或while。例如:
Seeing the teacher entering the room,the students stood up.(= When the students sawthe teacher entering the room,they stood up.)
学生们看到老师进来,都站了起来。
Seen from the moon,the earth looks like a ball.(= When the earth is seenfrom the moon,it looks like a ball.)
从月球上看,地球像个圆球。
(2)原因状语
分词作原因状语时相当于as,since或because所引导的原因状语从句。例如:
Not knowingwhat to do about it,I asked my teacher for advice.(= Because I didn’t know what to do about it,I asked my teacher for advice.)
由于我不知道该怎么办,就征求老师的意见。
Encouragedby his speech,the students decided to work hard.(= As the students were encouragedby his speech,they decided to work hard.)
受他讲话的鼓舞,学生们决定努力学习。
(3)条件状语
分词作条件状语时相于if或unless引导的条件状语从句,也可在分词短语前加if或unless。
例如:
Reading more carefully,you’ll learn something new.(= If you readmorecarefully,you’ll learnsomething new.)
如果你读得更认真些,你就会学到一些新东西。
Given another chance,he’ll succeed.(= If he is givenanother chance,he’ll succeed.)
如果再给他一次机会,他一定会成功。
(4)结果状语
分词作结果状语时相当于that引导的结果状语从句或并列句。例如:
The bottle dropped to the ground, breaking into pieces.(=The bottle dropped to the groundthat it brokeinto pieces.)
瓶子掉在地上摔碎了。
The old writer died all of a sudden, leaving his works unfinished.(=The old writer died all of a sudden, and he lefthis works unfinished.)
这位年迈的作家没有完成他的著作就突然离开人世了。
(5)让步状语
分词短语作让步状语相当于让步状语从句。例如:
Tired,the old man continued to work.(= Even though the old man was tired ,he continued to work.)
尽管老人累了,他仍继续干活。
Althoughbuilt many years ago,the machines are still working in perfect order.(= Although the machines were mademany years ago, they are still working in perfect order.)
虽然这些机器是很多年前制造的,但现在仍然运行良好。
(6)方式状语或伴随状语
分词短语作方式状语或伴随状语时,没有对应的状语从句。例如:
He came,running back to tell me the good news.
他跑回来告诉我这个好消息。
The teacher hurried to the office, followedby five students.
五个学生跟着老师匆匆忙忙地走进了办公室。
(审稿:马燕编校:王静)