1 引言现代制造业中生产环境非常复杂,它由产品、加工和服务的许多要素构成。包括信息技术(IT)服务(硬件、软件、网络和通讯)。例如,一辆汽车的设计包含2000至3000个零件,整个设计过程需要数千名工程师,作出数百万个设计决策,这些零件没有一个是彼此孤立地没计和开发的。图1是用流体流经管道网模拟一个产品的设计、开发和交付(PD~3)过程,装配 1 Introduction The manufacturing environment in modern manufacturing is complex and consists of many elements of product, process and service. Including information technology (IT) services (hardware, software, networking and communications). For example, a car design contains 2000 to 3000 parts, the entire design process requires thousands of engineers to make millions of design decisions, none of these parts are developed in isolation from each other. Figure 1 is a flow through the pipe network simulation of a product design, development and delivery (PD ~ 3) process, assembly