With development of modern geoscience, particularly development of environmental sciences, the contemporary soil science is undergoing great changes in both research contents and scope. Soil is not only a certain substance or a certain independent natural historical body but also a spheric layer with peculiar structure and functions in the earth system. From the viewpoint of the geo-biosphere system of earth, soil science does deal not only with the soil substances per se but also more importantly with the relationships among soil, the other spheres and the human survival environment in view of the “pedosphere”. This is the new orientation of soil science today and will affect profoundly the studies on the human survival environment and global changes. To throw more light on this subject, the present paper intends to address the conception of pedosphere and its role in global changes. Also addressed are series of environmental issues in China and their relations to the global changes. Moreover, research orientation and priorities are indicated, including exploitation and protection of the soil resources, soil fertility and sustainable agricultural development, construction of the ecological environment, and the material cycling in pedosphere and its relation to global changes.