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本文关注美国政治实践中的宪法功能,即以宪法调节国家与公民关系。首先提出的是“国家—中间层—公民”分析框架,其后在宪法的视阈下以此分析美国历史与现实中的美国国家、公民的实际状况,特别注重州作为一个非常重要的政治单位在美国国家与公民互动关系中的正负功能。然后依据美国宪法的根本性即权威性、宪法的程序性与宪法的实践性来考察美国宪法在美国政治实践中的实际功能发挥到底如何。尽管美国宪法与最高法院在实现宪法国家与公民关系的调节过程中并不尽如人意,但是基本上起到了应有的作用。而当宪法难以为继之时,美国的政治实践亦可以成功突破宪法本身所制造的障碍加以成功互动。但是宪法制定时为大众民主所设置的程序障碍至今多是难以突破的。
This article focuses on the constitutional function in the political practice of the United States, that is, the constitutional regulation of the relations between the state and citizens. First of all, we put forward the analysis framework of “state-middle-tier-citizenship”, then analyze the actual state of the U.S. state and citizen in the history and reality of the United States from the perspective of the constitution, paying particular attention to the state as a very important The Positive and Negative Function of Political Unit in the Interaction between the United States and Citizens. Then it examines the actual function of the American constitution in American political practice based on the fundamental authority of the U.S. Constitution, the procedural constitution and the practicality of the Constitution. Although the United States Constitution and the Supreme Court did not perform satisfactorily in the process of regulating the constitutional state-to-citizen relations, they basically played their due role. When the constitution is unsustainable, the political practice in the United States can successfully break through the obstacles created by the constitution itself and successfully interact with each other. However, the procedural obstacles set by the constitutional system for mass democracy have so far been hard to break.