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改革开放前,中国的对外经济引进曾经有过3次较大规模的高潮,可以分别用“156”、“43”、“78”三个数字作为代表。“156”是指1950年代第一个五年计划时期引进苏联援助的156项重点工程,简称“156项工程”;“43”是指1970年代初期从西方国家引进的43亿美元成套技术设备,简称“43方案”;“78”是指1978年签订对外引进协议额度78亿美元的成套技术设备,简称“78亿计划”。这3次引进高潮,国际、国内环境各相不同,引进对象、手段和指导思想也不同,实际上代表了改革开放前中国对外引进和开放的演变历史。
Before the reform and opening up, China's foreign economic introduction had three large-scale climaxes, and the three figures of “156”, “43” and “78” could be used respectively as their representatives. “156 ” refers to the 156 key projects of the Soviet Union during the first five-year plan period in the 1950s, referred to as “156 projects”; “43” refers to the introduction of western countries from the early 1970s 43 The “USD 78 million” package of technical equipment, abbreviated as “43 Plan”, refers to the complete set of technical equipment signed in 1978 with a quota of USD 7.8 billion for foreign introduction, or “7.8 billion plan” for short. The introduction of these three climaxes, with different international and domestic environments, and different targets, means and guiding ideologies, actually represented the history of China's introduction and opening up to the outside before the reform and opening up.