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幼发拉底河和底格里斯河组成了西亚著名的两河流域,跨越土耳其、叙利亚和伊拉克3个主要沿岸国,其下游地区具有数千年的灌溉历史,是古代西亚文明的发祥地。近几十年来,由于上游地区大规模水资源开发(特别是土耳其实施规模庞大的安纳托利亚东南项目)导致了上、下游国家间的矛盾与纠纷。两河流域与中东其它国际河流一样,都处于干旱缺水地区,水资源及水电开发利用纠纷引起了国际社会的高度关注。本文在全面回顾两河流域水资源特点及开发利用的基础上,分析了引起国际纠纷的深层原因,总结了5个方面的经验教训,包括:沿岸国对跨界河流开发利用的权利与义务、跨界河流水资源的公平合理分配、大坝建设对下游国的影响、第三方作用以及区域水政治的影响。这些经验教训不仅对我国,而且对处于缺水地区的国家公平合理开发利用国际河流及开展国际合作都具有重要的启示意义,如:制订和执行国际河流管理的有关法律文件是重要的制度保障手段;大坝建设及运行要采取有效措施避免断流或剧烈的流量变化;综合考虑沿岸国家的利益和关切,加强国际河流流域合作是全球发展的趋势。
The Euphrates and the Tigris constitute the well-known two rivers in West Asia, spanning three major coastal countries of Turkey, Syria and Iraq. Their downstream regions have thousands of years of irrigation history and are the cradles of ancient Western Asian civilization. In recent decades, the development of large-scale water resources in the upper reaches of the region (especially in Turkey’s implementation of the massive Southeast Anatolia project) has led to conflicts and disputes among upstream and downstream countries. Like other international rivers in the Middle East, the two rivers are in arid and dry areas. The dispute over the development and utilization of water resources and hydropower has aroused great concern from the international community. Based on a comprehensive review of the characteristics and development and utilization of water resources in the two rivers, this paper analyzes the underlying causes of international disputes and summarizes five experiences and lessons learned, including the rights and obligations of coastal states to the development and utilization of transboundary rivers, Fair and equitable distribution of water resources in transboundary rivers, the impact of dam construction on downstream countries, the role of third parties and the impact of regional water politics. These experiences and lessons are of great significance not only to our country, but also to the countries in the water-scarce regions to develop and utilize international rivers in a fair and equitable manner and to carry out international cooperation. For example, the formulation and implementation of relevant legal documents on international river management are important means of system security ; Dam construction and operation should take effective measures to avoid the flow or dramatic changes in flow; comprehensive consideration of the interests and concerns of coastal countries, to strengthen cooperation in international river basins is the trend of global development.