美国长期以来在海运行业中比较注重保护货方的利益,自“Indussa”案始,很多法院都主张提单中的仲裁条款因减轻了COGSA规定的承运人责任而无效。1995年“Sky Reefer”案改变了这种观点,认为提单中仲裁条款有效,只要它并不减损货方根据COGSA获得的实体权利,但是在最近的COGSA’99草案中又反映出美国立法部门不同于最高院的态度。 The United States has long focused more on the interests of the shipping companies in the maritime industry. Since the beginning of the “Indussa” case, many courts have argued that the arbitration clause in the bill of lading is invalidated by alleviating the liability of the carrier under COGSA. The 1995 case of “Sky Reefer” changed this view by arguing that the arbitration clause in the bill of lading was valid as long as it did not detract from the entity’s rights under the COGSA but reflected the United States legislation in the recent COGSA’99 draft Department is different from the attitude of the Supreme Court.