学者们大多认为,清朝的文职官员没有经受过任何实习培训,这些行将上任的官员除了在科举考试中获得思想意识以及文学写作方面的训练外,在行政事务方面可以说完全是门外汉。既然如此,他们又怎么能够操纵政府部门的运作呢?以瞿同祖为代表的史学家们对这一问题的解释仅仅是指出,政府中的那些师爷在其中扮演了重要 Most scholars believe that civilian officials in the Qing Dynasty had not undergone any internship training. Apart from obtaining ideological awareness and literary writing training in the examination examinations, these appointed officials can be completely laymen in administrative affairs. If so, how can they manipulate the operation of government departments? Explanations of this question by historians represented by Qu Tongzu merely point out that the divisions in the government played an important role