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义务可分为积极义务和消极义务,后者比前者更重要;消极义务又可分为制度性消极义务和非制度性消极义务。制度性消极义务要求制度参与者捍卫正义制度,改革不正义制度。那些制定和参与了不正义制度,给他者带来了严重伤害,自己却从中获得巨大利益的个人或群体,违背了制度性消极义务,应承担相应责任。不正义的制度给社会成员带来的伤害远大于个人间的侵犯,因而制度性消极义务具有更重要的道德意义。
Obligations can be divided into positive obligations and negative obligations, the latter more important than the former; negative obligations can be divided into institutional negative obligations and non-institutional negative obligations. Institutional negative obligations require system participants to defend the justice system and reform the injustice system. Those individuals or groups that have made and participated in the system of injustice and brought grave harm to others and have benefited so much from them have violated institutional negative obligations and should bear corresponding responsibilities. The system of injustice hurts members of the society much more than the violation of individuals, so institutional negative obligations have a more important moral significance.