一、软科学的产生和发展软科学及其方法、理论,是从资本主义国家发展起来的。①开始以个体研究为特征。美国人泰罗的企业管理学,梅奥等人的人际关系学,贝尔纳及皮兰奥索夫斯基夫妇的科学学等,可以看作软科学的第一阶段的代表作。不久,受军事运筹学的启示,人们开始采用自然科学的方法和手段,研究和解决社会与经济问题。在这个阶段,软科学对人类的未来发展,各国的发展战略和政策性问题,对评价、预测和协调社会经济、科技发展等问题进行了大量研究。这时软科学已开始进入社会和经济领域。集体研究成为这个 First, the emergence and development of soft science Soft science and its methods and theories are developed from capitalist countries. 1 Beginning with individual studies. American Taylor’s enterprise management, Mayo et al.’s interpersonal relations, Bernard and Piran Osovsky’s science, etc., can be regarded as the first stage of soft science. Soon, inspired by military operations research, people began to use natural science methods and methods to study and solve social and economic problems. At this stage, the soft sciences have conducted a lot of research on the future development of mankind, the development strategies and policy issues of various countries, the evaluation, forecasting and coordination of social economy, and the development of science and technology. At this time, soft science has begun to enter the social and economic fields. Collective research becomes this