中国早期近代化运动是在清同治时期内忧外患的形势下发展起来的。从内部来看,太平天国及其他大规模起义威胁着满清统治的根本基础;从外部来看,外国列强(尤其是英、法两国)对清政府施加极大的压力,以迫使其改变外交、商务政策以及对外国 China’s early modernization movement was developed under the situation of both internal and external feuds during the Qing Dynasty. From the internal point of view, the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom and other large-scale uprisings threaten the fundamental foundation of the Manchu rule. From the outside, foreign powers (especially Britain and France) put tremendous pressure on the Qing government to force it to change its diplomacy , Business policy as well as to foreign countries