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欧洲各国大致通过三种途径实现对人格权的民法保护。其中欧陆法系国家有两种,一部分是关注一般人格权保护,另一部分是注重具体人格权保护,而英国法则是关注违法行为本身以及不同侵权个案的具体情形。无论哪种保护方式,核心问题是要区分人格权内涵的不同领域而予以不同程度的法律保护。对法律地位清晰明确、显而易见以及法律位阶较高的人格权益,应予以较高程度的保护,反之,则应给予较低程度的保护或者不予保护。宪法性权利可以对私权产生间接却重要的影响,人权对人格权的影响也是如此。欧洲许多国家便是通过解读《欧洲人权公约》来寻求人格权的法律保护。与此同时,欧洲人权法院在适用《欧洲人权公约》的过程中,试图促成欧洲各国人格权保护的统一标准。在侵害人格权的法律后果上,是否适用非财产损害赔偿,是反映一个国家对人格权保护是否充分以及适当的试金石。基于对侵权法补偿功能的考量,并不适宜将惩罚性赔偿引入人格权法律保护。
In all three countries in Europe, civil law protection of personality rights has been implemented. There are two kinds of continental law countries, one is concerned with the protection of the general personality, the other with emphasis on the protection of specific personality rights, while the British law is concerned about the violations and the specific circumstances of different infringement cases. No matter what kind of protection, the core issue is to different degrees of legal protection to distinguish the different areas of personality rights. A higher degree of protection should be given to the legal rights of individuals with clear and definite legal status and obvious legal status and high legal level. On the contrary, they should be given a lesser degree of protection or no protection. Constitutional rights can have an indirect but significant impact on private rights, as do the impact of human rights on personality rights. Many European countries seek the legal protection of the right to personality by interpreting the European Convention on Human Rights. At the same time, the European Court of Human Rights seeks to promote the uniform standards of protection of personality rights of European countries in the application of the European Convention on Human Rights. Whether the legal consequences of infringement of personality rights apply to non-property damages is a touchstone reflecting the adequacy and appropriateness of a country’s protection of personality rights. Based on the consideration of the compensation function of tort law, it is not suitable to introduce punitive damages into the legal protection of personality right.