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对于欧洲来说,第一次世界大战是“昨天”和“今天”的分水岭。西方由战前的极度乐观陷入了沮丧、失望、迷茫中,在哲学、思想和文学艺术中种种非理性主义、怀疑主义盛行,最显著的特征是对“理性”、“进步”等信念的批评。瑞士是当时战争的中立国家,一群青年艺术家因躲避战乱而云集苏黎世,他们是穷困潦倒的职业或半职业艺术家,对中产阶级的生活方式和艺术格调嗤之以鼻,有些人常常光顾非常简陋的伏尔泰的咖啡馆。他们有德国的雨果·巴尔(1871-1958)、汉斯·里赫特尔(1888-1976)和理查德·胡森贝克(1890-1963);有法国人汉斯·阿尔普(1887-1966)、马塞尔·杜尚,以及一些其
For Europe, World War I was the watershed of “yesterday” and “today.” The West was plunged into despair, disappointment and confusion by pre-war extreme optimism. Various irrationalism, prevalence of skepticism in philosophy, thought and literature and art, the most notable feature of which is that the “rational” and “progressive” Such as faith in the criticism. Switzerland was a neutral nation of the time. A group of young artists gathered in Zurich for avoiding the war. They were impoverished working or semi-professional artists who disheartened the lifestyle and artistic style of the middle class. Some people often visited very primitive Voltaire Cafe. They included Hugo Barr in Germany (1871-1958), Hans Richertel (1888-1976) and Richard Husenbeck (1890-1963), French Hans Hans Alp (1887 -1966), Marcel Duchamp, and some of them