鸦片战争前三年出生,辛亥革命前两年辞世的张之洞的一生,基本上是与中国近代史相始终的一生。因而他一生的政治活动自然也与中国近代史上的名人——包括流芳千古者和遗臭万年者——的活动有着密切的联系。马克思说过:“历史是这样创造的:最终的结果总是从许多单个的意志的互相冲突中产生出来的,而其中每一个意志又是由许多特殊的生活条件,才成为它所成为的那样。”梁启超也说过:“史者何?记述人类社会赓续活动之体相,校其总成绩,求得其因果关系,以为现代一般人活动资鉴者也。”本文试图从张之洞与其所处时代的“许多单个的意志互相冲突”以及他的许多特殊生活条件来展示他走过的道路,期望能“为现代人一般人活动之资鉴”。 The birth of Zhang Zhidong, who died three years before the Opium War and died two years before the Revolution of 1911, is basically the same as the history of modern Chinese history. Therefore, the political activities of his life are naturally also closely linked with the activities of celebrities in modern Chinese history, including those who flew through the ages and those who stained a thousand years. Marx said: “History is created in such a way that the end result always arises from the mutual conflicts of many individual wills, each of which is made up of many special living conditions . ”Liang Qichao also said:“ The history of this book describes the body of the social activities of human society, the school’s total score, and its causal relationship, thinking that the activities of the modern general public are also. ”This article attempts to Zhang Zhidong and its The “many individual wills clashed” in his own time, and many of his special living conditions to showcase the path he has traveled in the hope of “providing a lesson for the general human activity of the present age.”