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定语从句是高中英语的重点,也是历年来高考的热点,它不仅在客观题和改错中占有一定的比例,而且在写作中正确使用定语从句还能给作文添彩｡但是,由于定语从句的结构和用法比较复杂,考生在使用时往往容易犯一些错误,最常见的错误有如下十种:
一､在定语从句中加了多余的词｡如:
1. 误: Carol said the work would be done by October， which personally I doubt it very much.
正: Carol said the work would be done by October， which personally I doubt very much.
分析: 本句中的it 应删去，因为从句中doubt 的宾语是which 这个关系代词｡
二､ 把定语从句中谓语动词的单､复数弄错｡如:
1. 误: Anyone who break the law will be punished.
正: Anyone who breaks the law will be punished.
分析: 应改break为breaks,因为先行词是anyone,是单数｡
2. 误: Those who wants to come to the lecture please sign here.
正: Those who want to come to the lecture please sign here.
分析: 应改wants为want,因为先行词是those,是复数｡
3. 误: He is the only one of the teachers who know French in our school.
正: He is the only one of the teachers who knows French in our school.
分析: 应改know为knows,因为one前有the only之类限定词时,定语从句的先行词为the only one,而不是复数名词the teachers｡
4. 误: He is one of students who was praised at the meeting.
正: He is one of the students who were praised at the meeting.
分析: 应改is为are,因为one前没有the only之类的限定词,定语从句在意义上修饰的是名词复数the students,而不是单数one｡
三､ 错误省略了定语从句中作主语的关系代词｡如:
1. 误: Children eat a lot of sugar often have bad teeth.
正: Children who / that eat a lot of sugar often have bad teeth.
分析: 应加上关系代词who或that,因为从句中缺少主语,且主语不能省略｡
2. 误: The key opens the bike is missing.
正: The key which / that opens the bike is missing.
分析: 应加上关系代词that或which,因为从句缺少主语,且主语不能省略｡
四､定语从句中加了多余的关系副词或介词｡如:
1. 误: The house where he lives in needs repairing.
正: The house where he lives needs repairing. 或 The house he lives in needs repairing.
分析: 应保留where,删去从句中的in或删去关系副词where,因为这里关系副词where在定语从句中等于in which,如果用了where,介词in就重复了｡
2. 误: I still remember the day on when I first came to thisschool.
正: I still remember the day when I first came to this school. 或 I still remember the day on which I first came to this school.
分析: 应删去on,因为when在这里相当于on which,否则介词on就重复了,或把when改为which｡
五､ 在作先行词的时间名词或地点名词后错用了关系代词或关系副词｡
1. 误: I still remember the days when we spent together.
正: I still remember the days that/which we spent together.
分析: 应改when为that或which,因为从句中谓语动词spent是及物动词,其后应跟宾语而不是时间状语｡
2. 误: This is the place where we visited last summer holidays.
正: This is the place which / that we visited last summer holidays.
分析: 应改where为which或that,因为从句中谓语动词visited是及物动词,其后跟宾语,而不是地点状语｡
六､ 在先行词reason后错用关系副词why｡如:
1. 误: Have you asked her for the reason why may explain her absence?
正: Have you asked her for the reason that / which may explain her absence?
分析: 应改why为that或which,因为定语从句中缺少主语,而不是原因状语｡
2. 误: I don’t believe the reason why he has given for his being late.
正: I don’t believe the reason that / which he has given for his being late.
分析: 应改why为that或which,因为从句中谓语动词has given后缺少宾语,而不是原因状语｡
七､ 误将强调句型当作定语从句｡如:
1. 误: It was in the kitchen where the fire broke out.
正: It was in the kitchen that the fire broke out.
分析: 应将where改that,因为原句还原为The fire broke out in the kitchen.后,在语法和句意上均成立,故此句是强调句型,而非定语从句｡
2. 误: Was it because it snowed last night when you didn’t come to the party?
正: Was it because it snowed last night that you didn’t come to the party?
分析: 应将when改为that,因为,原句可还原为Because it snowed last night,you didn’t come to the party.且在语法和句意上均成立,故此句是强调句型而非定语从句｡
八､ 错误使用way后关系词｡
1. 误: Is this the way in which he told you yesterday？
正: Is this the way （that/which ） he told you？
分析: 关系词在定语从句中作told 的宾语,故应把in which 改为which ，that 或什么也不添,因为关系代词作宾语可以省略｡
2. 误: I don’t like the way which he speaks to his father.
正: I don’t like the way in which he speaks to his father.
分析: 关系词在定语从句中作方式状语,故应在which前加介词in,或省略关系词,因为the way 作方式状语时,关系词有三种情况: in which,that或省略关系词
九､ 错把同位语从句当成定语从句｡
1. 误: The news which they had won the game arrived soon.
正: The news that they had won the game arrived soon.
分析: 从意义上讲, 同位语从句对名词起着补充说明或进行解释的作用,而定语从句则是进行修饰､限定的作用,相当于一个形容词｡从结构上看,同位语从句由连接代词或连接副词引导,最常用的连接词是that,它一般不省略,也不在从句中担任成分,而定语从句由关系代词或关系副词引导,that在定语从句作主语时不能省略,还可用which代替｡此题为同位语从句,故用连接词that,而不用 which｡
十､ 错把没有先行词的情况当成定语从句｡
1. Meeting my uncle after all these years was an unforgettable moment， ____ I will always treasure.
A. thatB. oneC. itD. what
分析: 本题一改过去考查学生非限定性定语从句要用which来引导这一惯例,很有新鲜感,同时也的确能考查出学生是否有正确的语感｡先排除A､D两项,因为它们不能引导非限定性定语从句;再排除C项,因为it不可作an unforgettable moment的同位语｡故选B,one在此作代词,指代并强调“难忘的一刻”,one后面的定语从句省略关系词that或which｡
2. Is this factory_____ you visited last Sunday?
A. thatB. the oneC. itD. which
分析: 本题还原后应为This factory is you visited last Sunday.分析此句缺少表语,但后面的从句又是定语从句,故选择B作句子的表语,定语从句中省略了关系词｡考生容易错选A或D,误认为此句就是定语从句｡
一､在定语从句中加了多余的词｡如:
1. 误: Carol said the work would be done by October， which personally I doubt it very much.
正: Carol said the work would be done by October， which personally I doubt very much.
分析: 本句中的it 应删去，因为从句中doubt 的宾语是which 这个关系代词｡
二､ 把定语从句中谓语动词的单､复数弄错｡如:
1. 误: Anyone who break the law will be punished.
正: Anyone who breaks the law will be punished.
分析: 应改break为breaks,因为先行词是anyone,是单数｡
2. 误: Those who wants to come to the lecture please sign here.
正: Those who want to come to the lecture please sign here.
分析: 应改wants为want,因为先行词是those,是复数｡
3. 误: He is the only one of the teachers who know French in our school.
正: He is the only one of the teachers who knows French in our school.
分析: 应改know为knows,因为one前有the only之类限定词时,定语从句的先行词为the only one,而不是复数名词the teachers｡
4. 误: He is one of students who was praised at the meeting.
正: He is one of the students who were praised at the meeting.
分析: 应改is为are,因为one前没有the only之类的限定词,定语从句在意义上修饰的是名词复数the students,而不是单数one｡
三､ 错误省略了定语从句中作主语的关系代词｡如:
1. 误: Children eat a lot of sugar often have bad teeth.
正: Children who / that eat a lot of sugar often have bad teeth.
分析: 应加上关系代词who或that,因为从句中缺少主语,且主语不能省略｡
2. 误: The key opens the bike is missing.
正: The key which / that opens the bike is missing.
分析: 应加上关系代词that或which,因为从句缺少主语,且主语不能省略｡
四､定语从句中加了多余的关系副词或介词｡如:
1. 误: The house where he lives in needs repairing.
正: The house where he lives needs repairing. 或 The house he lives in needs repairing.
分析: 应保留where,删去从句中的in或删去关系副词where,因为这里关系副词where在定语从句中等于in which,如果用了where,介词in就重复了｡
2. 误: I still remember the day on when I first came to thisschool.
正: I still remember the day when I first came to this school. 或 I still remember the day on which I first came to this school.
分析: 应删去on,因为when在这里相当于on which,否则介词on就重复了,或把when改为which｡
五､ 在作先行词的时间名词或地点名词后错用了关系代词或关系副词｡
1. 误: I still remember the days when we spent together.
正: I still remember the days that/which we spent together.
分析: 应改when为that或which,因为从句中谓语动词spent是及物动词,其后应跟宾语而不是时间状语｡
2. 误: This is the place where we visited last summer holidays.
正: This is the place which / that we visited last summer holidays.
分析: 应改where为which或that,因为从句中谓语动词visited是及物动词,其后跟宾语,而不是地点状语｡
六､ 在先行词reason后错用关系副词why｡如:
1. 误: Have you asked her for the reason why may explain her absence?
正: Have you asked her for the reason that / which may explain her absence?
分析: 应改why为that或which,因为定语从句中缺少主语,而不是原因状语｡
2. 误: I don’t believe the reason why he has given for his being late.
正: I don’t believe the reason that / which he has given for his being late.
分析: 应改why为that或which,因为从句中谓语动词has given后缺少宾语,而不是原因状语｡
七､ 误将强调句型当作定语从句｡如:
1. 误: It was in the kitchen where the fire broke out.
正: It was in the kitchen that the fire broke out.
分析: 应将where改that,因为原句还原为The fire broke out in the kitchen.后,在语法和句意上均成立,故此句是强调句型,而非定语从句｡
2. 误: Was it because it snowed last night when you didn’t come to the party?
正: Was it because it snowed last night that you didn’t come to the party?
分析: 应将when改为that,因为,原句可还原为Because it snowed last night,you didn’t come to the party.且在语法和句意上均成立,故此句是强调句型而非定语从句｡
八､ 错误使用way后关系词｡
1. 误: Is this the way in which he told you yesterday？
正: Is this the way （that/which ） he told you？
分析: 关系词在定语从句中作told 的宾语,故应把in which 改为which ，that 或什么也不添,因为关系代词作宾语可以省略｡
2. 误: I don’t like the way which he speaks to his father.
正: I don’t like the way in which he speaks to his father.
分析: 关系词在定语从句中作方式状语,故应在which前加介词in,或省略关系词,因为the way 作方式状语时,关系词有三种情况: in which,that或省略关系词
九､ 错把同位语从句当成定语从句｡
1. 误: The news which they had won the game arrived soon.
正: The news that they had won the game arrived soon.
分析: 从意义上讲, 同位语从句对名词起着补充说明或进行解释的作用,而定语从句则是进行修饰､限定的作用,相当于一个形容词｡从结构上看,同位语从句由连接代词或连接副词引导,最常用的连接词是that,它一般不省略,也不在从句中担任成分,而定语从句由关系代词或关系副词引导,that在定语从句作主语时不能省略,还可用which代替｡此题为同位语从句,故用连接词that,而不用 which｡
十､ 错把没有先行词的情况当成定语从句｡
1. Meeting my uncle after all these years was an unforgettable moment， ____ I will always treasure.
A. thatB. oneC. itD. what
分析: 本题一改过去考查学生非限定性定语从句要用which来引导这一惯例,很有新鲜感,同时也的确能考查出学生是否有正确的语感｡先排除A､D两项,因为它们不能引导非限定性定语从句;再排除C项,因为it不可作an unforgettable moment的同位语｡故选B,one在此作代词,指代并强调“难忘的一刻”,one后面的定语从句省略关系词that或which｡
2. Is this factory_____ you visited last Sunday?
A. thatB. the oneC. itD. which
分析: 本题还原后应为This factory is you visited last Sunday.分析此句缺少表语,但后面的从句又是定语从句,故选择B作句子的表语,定语从句中省略了关系词｡考生容易错选A或D,误认为此句就是定语从句｡