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中世紀的拜占廷是一个典型的神权帝国。馬克思曾这样說明它的特征:“在拜占廷帝国,国家和教会是非常紧密地交織在一起的,以致不叙述教会的历史,就不能叙述国家的历史。”由于政治生活与宗教生活混为一体,因而,拜占廷反封建的农民运动,常常以反教会的神学异端的形式表現出来。七至九世紀爆发于小亚細亚的保罗派运动,就是一場隐蔽在宗教外衣之下的阶級斗爭。
Byzantine medieval is a typical empire empire. Marx characterized it by saying that “in the Byzantine Empire, the state and the church are so closely intertwined that the history of the state can not be described without a recounting of the history of the church.” Since political life is mixed with religious life As a result, Byzantium’s anti-feudal peasant movement was often manifested in the anti-church theological heresy. The Paulian movement that broke out in Asia Minor during the seventh and ninth centuries is a class struggle that is concealed under religious cloaks.