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本文简略回顾了 2 0世纪西方文论的走向 ,认为它经历了从文本批评向历史意识的回归这条发展轨迹。各种形态的文本批评理论补充了传统文论中忽视审美形式多样性的欠缺 ,使文学研究更趋科学化和精确化。然而 ,单纯对文本进行语言和结构分析 ,无法诠释作品广阔的社会历史蕴涵 ,终于陷入到封闭与僵化的境地。文学批评呼唤历史—文化转型势所必然。片面强调文学的客观性只是一种幻想 ,文学作品必须诉诸于现实的阐释和历史的理解 ,给文本意义重新注入社会历史内涵。这种重返与回归深刻地表明了文学与现实生活之间难以割舍的关系。但是 ,这种回归不是泛文化批评的狂欢。以拒绝甚至消解审美特征为前提的泛文化批评不能代表当前文学批评的发展趋势 ,因为文化研究和文学研究在理论上是两个平行发展的学科 ,各有自己的理论体系和话语形态。这种文化批评与文学的文化语境研究也不属于同一范畴。文学理论的发展变化信守的是积累的原则而不是淘汰的原则。文学理论研究的是文学自身的规律与特征 ,只要与社会生活保持密切的联系 ,那么 ,文学理论不会走向消亡 ,只会日益丰富
This article briefly reviews the trend of western literary theory in the 20th century and argues that it has undergone a development path from the text criticism to the return of historical consciousness. Various forms of textual criticism theory supplement the lack of diversity of aesthetic forms in the traditional literary theory and make the literary studies more scientific and precise. However, simply analyzing the texts in terms of language and structure can not explain the broad social and historical implications of the works, and finally falls into a closed and rigid situation. Literary Criticism Calls History - The Necessity of Cultural Transformation. One-sided emphasis on the objectivity of literature is just an illusion. Literary works must resort to the interpretation of reality and understanding of history, and reinject the meaning of text into the connotation of social history. This return and return profoundly demonstrates the hard-to-break relationship between literature and real life. However, this return is not a celebration of pan-cultural criticism. Pan-cultural criticism based on the rejection or even elimination of aesthetic features can not represent the current trend of literary criticism because, in theory, cultural studies and literary studies are two parallel disciplines, each with its own theoretical system and discourse morphology. This kind of cultural criticism also does not belong to the same category as the cultural and cultural studies of literature. The development of literary theory abides by the principle of accumulation rather than the principle of elimination. Literary theory studies the laws and characteristics of literature itself. As long as it is closely linked with social life, literary theory will not go away, it will only become richer and richer