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使用计量语言学和文本分析的方法,梳理、阐释“文凭”一词在清晚期古今词义的嬗变可见:一方面,“文凭”一词最早在唐代文献中已有使用,但其“毕业证书、学历证明”这一近现代含义则是在清晚期前后才开始出现并逐渐成型,它是清晚期一些文档名词内涵嬗变的典型代表之一;另一方面,其近现代含义的出现并没有改变它“凭证文书”的本质属性,应是其古代用法在近现代的进一步拓展。它在清晚期的嬗变主要受到西方传教士与近代教育的影响;伴随着新内涵的形成和发展,其应用领域日渐扩展,使用频次也呈现出较大幅度的提升。
Using the methods of econometrics and text analysis, we can sort out and explain the evolution of ancient and modern meaning of “diploma” in the late Qing Dynasty. On the one hand, the term “diploma” was first used in the Tang Dynasty literature, The modern meaning of “diploma, diploma” is only appeared before the late Qing Dynasty and gradually formed. It is one of the typical representatives of the transmutation of some document terminology during the late Qing Dynasty. On the other hand, The appearance of meaning has not changed its essential nature of “document of credentials”, and should be the further expansion of its ancient usage in the modern era. Its evolution in the late Qing Dynasty was mainly influenced by Western missionaries and modern education. With the formation and development of new connotation, its application fields were gradually expanded and the frequency of use was also greatly improved.