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古希腊至中世纪的自然研究是与人事研究密切联系在一起的,显示出古代西方哲学具有自然哲学与文化哲学浑然不分的原始综合性特点。至17世纪上半叶,以弗兰西斯·培根的《新工具》和笛卡尔的《方法论》为标志,西方哲学中开始形成明确偏向自然哲学的研究传统。在现代西方自然哲学的历史演变过程中,出现了以弗兰西斯·培根为代表的经验型自然哲学、以笛卡尔为代表的理智型自然哲学、以马克思和恩格斯为代表的实践型自然哲学和以石里克等维也纳学派为代表的科学型自然哲学四种基本类型。马克思和恩格斯的实践型自然哲学以其基于实践唯物主义世界观的归纳与演绎相统一、形式逻辑与辩证逻辑相统一的逻辑理论,不仅丰富和充实了逻辑学的内容,而且拓宽了逻辑学的外延。维也纳学派的科学型自然哲学作为西方自然哲学在20世纪的历史形态,则表现出自然哲学有向文化哲学合流的发展趋势。
The study of the nature from ancient Greece to the Middle Ages was closely linked with personnel research, showing that the ancient Western philosophy had the original comprehensive characteristics of natural philosophy and cultural philosophy. By the first half of the 17th century, with the “new tools” of Francis Bacon and the “methodology” of Descartes, the western philosophy began to develop a research tradition that clearly defied natural philosophy. In the course of the historical evolution of the modern western philosophy of nature, there emerged the empirical natural philosophy represented by Francis Bacon, the rational natural philosophy represented by Descartes, the practical natural philosophy represented by Marx and Engels And Schlick and other Vienna schools as the representative of the four basic types of natural science philosophy. The practical natural philosophy of Marx and Engels is unified by its induction and deduction based on the world view of practical materialism. The logic theory of the unity of formal logic and dialectical logic not only enriches and enriches the content of logic, but also broadens the extension of logic . As the historical form of Western natural philosophy in the 20th century, the scientific natural philosophy of the Vienna School shows the trend of the convergence of the natural philosophy and the cultural philosophy.