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In recent years,studying the role of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) in many pathological inflammatory conditions has become a very active research area.Although the role of MDSCs in cancer is relatively well established,their role in non-cancerous pathological conditions remains in its infancy resulting in much confusion.Our objectives in this review are to address some recent advances in MDSC research in order to minimize such confusion and to provide an insight into their function in the context of other diseases.The following topics will be specifically focused upon: (1) definition and characterization of MDSCs;(2) whether all MDSC populations consist of immature cells;(3) technical issues in MDSC isolation,estimation and characterization;(4) the origin of MDSCs and their anatomical distribution in health and disease;(5) mediators of MDSC expansion and accumulation;(6) factors that determine the expansion of one MDSC population over the other;(7) the Yin and Yang roles of MDSCs.Moreover,the functions of MDSCs will be addressed throughout the text.