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【目的】通过取样调查和田间叶喷硒肥试验,研究中国不同麦区小麦籽粒硒含量状况、硒含量的影响因素以及提高硒含量的农艺措施。【方法】分别于2008—2009、2009—2010、2010—2011年小麦季收集中国不同麦区73份春小麦和582份冬小麦共计655份田间小麦样品,调查籽粒产量并测定籽粒硒含量。于2010—2011年在14个省(市)的30个国家小麦产业技术体系综合试验站开展叶面喷施硒肥试验,设叶面喷施清水或0.017%亚硒酸钠2个处理,于拔节中、末期各喷施1次,完全随机区组设计,重复3次,测定拔节前植株样品的硒含量和收获后籽粒产量和硒含量。【结果】655份小麦籽粒样品平均硒含量为64.6μg·kg~(-1),远不能满足以小麦为主食人群对硒的营养需求,变幅为0—821.0μg·kg~(-1),春、冬小麦平均分别为67.5和64.2μg·kg~(-1)。有63%缺硒,19%偏低,仅有8%富硒,未发现有小麦籽粒硒含量达到中毒水平。小麦籽粒硒含量在不同区域表现为北部高于南部、西部高于东部。各地的田间试验表明,叶面喷施亚硒酸钠对小麦籽粒产量没有显著影响,不喷硒和喷硒平均产量分别为6 650和6 649 kg·hm-2。叶喷硒肥使籽粒硒含量显著提高,不喷硒时,籽粒硒含量平均为31.0μg·kg~(-1),喷硒116 g·hm-2使籽粒硒含量平均增加到647.8μg·kg~(-1),达到了富硒水平,但没有达到中毒水平。每施用1.0 g Se·hm~(-2),籽粒硒含量平均提高5.3μg·kg~(-1),施用51 g Se·hm-2可将小麦籽粒硒含量从平均31.0μg·kg~(-1)提高到300μg·kg~(-1)以上。小麦籽粒硒含量不受产量的影响,但不喷硒时籽粒硒含量与0—20 cm土层土壤有效硒含量和拔节前植株硒含量分别呈显著和极显著正相关。土壤有效硒含量在6.3—30.7μg·kg~(-1)每增加1.0μg·kg~(-1),不喷硒时籽粒硒含量平均增加2.1μg·kg~(-1),拔节前植株硒含量在0—147.2μg·kg~(-1)每增加1.0μg·kg~(-1),不喷硒籽粒硒含量平均增加0.7μg·kg~(-1)。喷硒后籽粒硒含量和硒强化指数均与拔节前植株硒含量极显著正相关。拔节前植株硒含量每增加1.0μg·kg~(-1),喷硒籽粒硒含量平均增加5.7μg·kg~(-1),籽粒硒强化指数平均增加0.043μg·kg~(-1)(g·hm-2)-1。【结论】在农业生产中,通过拔节前土壤施硒提高土壤有效硒水平、在拔节中期或末期叶面喷施硒肥等,均可使植株累积较多的硒,并在灌浆期向籽粒转移,从而提高籽粒硒含量。
【Objective】 The objective of this study was to investigate the status of selenium content and selenium content in wheat grains and the agronomic measures to increase the selenium content of wheat grains in different wheat regions by sampling and field selenium fertilizer tests. 【Method】 A total of 655 field wheat samples collected from 73 spring wheat and 582 winter wheat in different wheat regions of China were collected from 2008-2009, 2009-2010 and 2010-2011 respectively. The grain yield was investigated and the selenium content was measured. In 2010-2011, the selenium fertilizers test was carried out on 30 national wheat industry technology integrated test stations in 14 provinces (municipalities). Foliar application of water or foliar spray treatment of 0.017% sodium selenite at The jointing and the end of each spraying 1, completely randomized block design, repeated 3 times, measured before jointing plant samples selenium content and grain yield and selenium after harvest. 【Result】 The results showed that the average selenium content of 655 wheat grains was 64.6 μg · kg -1, which far could not meet the nutritional requirements of selenium in wheat-based population, ranging from 0 to 821.0 μg · kg -1 The average spring wheat and winter wheat were 67.5 and 64.2 μg · kg -1, respectively. There are 63% lack of selenium, 19% low, only 8% selenium, no wheat selenium content was found to reach the level of poisoning. Selenium content of wheat grains in different regions showed that the northern part was higher than the southern part and the western part was higher than the eastern part. Field experiments in various places showed that foliar application of sodium selenite had no significant effect on the grain yield of wheat, and the average yields of non-selenium and selenium were 6 650 and 6 649 kg · hm -2, respectively. Leaf selenium fertilizer significantly increased the grain selenium content, without selenium spraying, grain selenium content averaged 31.0μg · kg -1, spraying selenium 116g · hm-2 increased grain selenium content to 647.8μg · kg ~ (-1), reached the level of selenium enrichment, but did not reach the level of poisoning. Selenium content increased by 5.3μg · kg -1 on average with 1.0 g Se · hm -2 applied and 51 g Se · hm -2 increased average selenium content in wheat from 31.0 μg · kg -1 -1) to more than 300μg · kg -1. The grain selenium content was not affected by the yield, but the grain selenium content at the time of non-selenium spraying was significantly and very significantly positively correlated with the soil available selenium content at 0-20 cm soil layer and the plant selenium content before jointing. The available selenium content increased 1.0μg · kg ~ (-1) every 6.3 ~ 30.7μg · kg ~ (-1), while the average selenium content increased 2.1μg · kg ~ (-1) before selenium injection, The selenium content increased by 0.7 μg · kg -1 on average for each selenium content increase of 0-147.2 μg · kg -1 with 1.0 μg · kg -1. Selenium content and selenium fortification index of grain after spraying selenium were significantly and positively correlated with selenium content of plant before jointing. Selenium content of selenium spraying seeds increased by 5.7μg · kg -1 on average for every 0.1μg · kg -1 selenium increase before jointing, and selenium fortification index increased by 0.043μg · kg -1 on average. (g · hm-2) -1. 【Conclusion】 In agricultural production, selenium can increase soil available selenium level by applying selenium before jointing, and foliar application of selenium fertilizer at mid-jointing stage or at the end stage can accumulate more selenium, Transfer, thereby increasing grain selenium content.