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【摘要】 定语从句属于高中英语语法中的重点和难点,是高考中必考内容。本文归纳一些比较典型的考点,以便供同学们复习参考运用。
【关键词】 定语从句 高考英语 考点剖析
【中图分类号】 G424 【文献标识码】 A 【文章编号】 1006-5962(2012)10(a)-0140-02
2012年18套高考题中有13套涉及到了定语从句。下面通过分析高考题将定语从句的考点归纳总结如下,希望对高中生备战2013年高考有所帮助。
热点一:考查关系代词引导的定语从句。
例1.(2012江苏) After the flooding , people were suffering in that area, ____urgently needed clean water , medicine and shelter to survive.
A. which B. who C. where D. what
例2.(2012江西)By 16:30, ______was almost closing time, nearly all the paintings had been sold.
A. which B. when C. what D. that
例3. (2012天津) I wish to thank Professor Smith, without _____help, I would never have got this far.
A. who B. whose C. whom D. which
【答案与解析】1.B;2.A;3.B;例1:考查非限制性定语从句,先行词为people ,从句中缺少主语,故用who引导;例2:考查非限制性定语从句,先行词为16:30,从句中缺少主语,故用which引导;例3:考查非限制性定语从句,who不放在介词后,help在从句中作主语,其前缺少定语,意思为“没有史密斯教授的帮助”,故用whose 修饰help.
【归纳与点拨】
(1)关系代词who,whom,whose,which, that 引导定语从句时,可以在从句中作主语、宾语、定语等成分。who 代指人,作主语或宾语;whom 代指人,作宾语;whose代指人或者物,作定语;which代指物,作主语或宾语;that代指人或物,作主语、宾语或表语。who, whom, which, that 作宾语可以省略。
(2)在非限制性定语从句中不使用关系代词that.
热点二、考查“介词 + 关系代词” 引导的定语从句
例4.(2012 湖南)Care of the soul is a gradual process ______even the small details of life should be considered .
A.what B. in what C. which D. in which
例5.(2012上海)Have you sent thank-you notes to the relatives from_ _____you received gifts.
A.which B. them C. that D. whom
【答案与解析】4.D 5.D;例4 句意:心灵的呵护是一个逐步的过程,在这个过程中生活中甚至细微的细节都应考虑到。先行词process 为表抽象地点的名词,在从句中作地点状语,故用 in which 引导;例5句意:你有没有发送感谢信给你的那些亲戚啊?要知道你从他们那里收到了礼物。先行词为relatives ,从句中的动词短语为receive from,relatives作from的宾语,故用from whom引导。
【归纳与总结】
(1)在“介词 + 关系代词”引导的定语从句中,关系代词指人时用whom,指物时用which。
(2)介词的选取根据语意和该介词和定语从句中的动词、形容词、名词等的固定搭配。
(3)某些在从句中充当时间、地点或原因状语的“介词 + 关系代词”结构可以同关系副词when/where/why互换。例如:
The room in which there is a machine is a workshop.
=The room where there is a machine is a workshop.
(4)介词若后置在从句中时,关系代词可用that,which或who 引导。
例如:This is the room in which/where I live.=This is the room (that/which)I live in.
(5)有一些不能拆开的动词短语,如look after,pay attention to,take care of,depend on 等,不能使用 “介词+关系代词”的形式来引导定语从句。
热点三、考查“名词/代词/ 数词……+ of + 关系代词”引导的定语从句。
例6.(2012山东)Maria has written two novels,both of ______have been made into television series.
A.them B.that C.which D.what
例7.(2012四川) In our class there are 46 students,______half wear glasses. A.in whom B.in them C.of whom D.of them
【答案与解析】6.C 7.C;例6逗号前后都有谓语动词,说明是复合句,先行词为“two novels”,与从句中的both表示整体与部分的关系,故选C;例7先行词为“46 students”与从句中的half表示整体与部分的关系,故C项正确。
【归纳与总结】
(1)由“名词/代词/数词……+of+关系代词”引导的定语从句和“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句的一样,关系代词指人时用whom,指物时用which。
(2)“名词/代词/数词……+of+关系代词”引导的定语从句可以转换为“of+关系代词+名词/代词/ 数词……”引导的定语从句.如例6.
(3).此种类型的定语从句还可以转换成并列句。如例7可以转换成:Maria has written two novels,and both of them have been made into television series.
热点四、非限制性定语从句中as和which用法的考查
例8.(2012安徽)A lot of language learning, _______has been discovered , is happening in the first year of life , so parents should take much to their children during the period.
A. as B. it C. which D. this
例9.(2012陕西)It is the third time that she has won the race, ______has surprised us all.
A. that B. where C. which D. what
【答案与解析】8.A 9.C;例8 as 指代a lot of language learning is happening in the first year of life, 在从句中作主语,且从句位于句中;例9句意:这是她第三次赢得比赛,这使我们很惊讶。which 指代整个主句,在从句中作主语
【归纳与总结】
(1)as,which指代整个主句的概念,引导非限制性定语从句。
(2)as,which的区别:①位置不同。as引导的非限制性从句可位于主句的前面、中间或后面;但which引导的非限制性从句一般只能放在主句之后。②as 有“正如,正像”之意,常用于be known/expected/reported/shown/
announced 等结构中。
热点五、考查关系副词when, where引导的定语从句
例10.(2012浙江) We live in an age ______more information is available with greater ease than ever before.
A. why B. when C. to whom D. on which
例11.(2012重庆)Sales director is a position _______ communication ability is just as important as sales skills.
A. which B. that C. when D. where
【答案与解析】10.B 11.D;例10 先行词为age ,并在从句中作状语,故用when引导定语从句;例11 先行词为 a position, 在从句中作状语,故用where引导定语从句
【归纳与总结】
(1)关系副词when在定语从句充当时间状语;关系副词where在定语从句充当时间状语。
(2)一些特殊先行词,如case, point, situation, job, position, activity, business 等引导定语从句时,定语从句的引导词常用where, 也可以换成in which.
热点六、考查易和定语从句混淆的各种句型。
例12. (2012上海) There is much truth in the idea______ kindness is usually served by frankness.
A. why B. which C. that D. whether
例13.(2012上海)-----Was it by cutting down staff ______she saved the firm?
------No, it was by improving work efficiency.
A. when B. what C. how D. that
【答案与解析】12.C 13.D;例12 句意:善良通常与坦率共生的,这句话很有道理,后面的整个从句是对the idea 的解释和补充,是一个同位语从句,并且从句中不缺任何成分,that 为最佳答案,粗心的同学有可能选择which;例13.考查强调句型
【归纳与总结】
(1)同位语从句、强调句型等都容易和定语从句混淆。
(2)定语从句与同位语从句的区别:定语从句和前面的名词是修饰与被修饰的关系,同位语从句是用来说明前面的名词的具体内容,这样的名词有fact/ idea/ news/ belief/ truth/ reply 等,that 在定语从句中做成分,当做宾语时可以省略,而在同位语从句中不充当任何成分,只起连接作用,不能省略。
参考文献
[1] 霍荣会,《高中英语语法表解大全》,首都师范大学出版社,2010年7月.
【关键词】 定语从句 高考英语 考点剖析
【中图分类号】 G424 【文献标识码】 A 【文章编号】 1006-5962(2012)10(a)-0140-02
2012年18套高考题中有13套涉及到了定语从句。下面通过分析高考题将定语从句的考点归纳总结如下,希望对高中生备战2013年高考有所帮助。
热点一:考查关系代词引导的定语从句。
例1.(2012江苏) After the flooding , people were suffering in that area, ____urgently needed clean water , medicine and shelter to survive.
A. which B. who C. where D. what
例2.(2012江西)By 16:30, ______was almost closing time, nearly all the paintings had been sold.
A. which B. when C. what D. that
例3. (2012天津) I wish to thank Professor Smith, without _____help, I would never have got this far.
A. who B. whose C. whom D. which
【答案与解析】1.B;2.A;3.B;例1:考查非限制性定语从句,先行词为people ,从句中缺少主语,故用who引导;例2:考查非限制性定语从句,先行词为16:30,从句中缺少主语,故用which引导;例3:考查非限制性定语从句,who不放在介词后,help在从句中作主语,其前缺少定语,意思为“没有史密斯教授的帮助”,故用whose 修饰help.
【归纳与点拨】
(1)关系代词who,whom,whose,which, that 引导定语从句时,可以在从句中作主语、宾语、定语等成分。who 代指人,作主语或宾语;whom 代指人,作宾语;whose代指人或者物,作定语;which代指物,作主语或宾语;that代指人或物,作主语、宾语或表语。who, whom, which, that 作宾语可以省略。
(2)在非限制性定语从句中不使用关系代词that.
热点二、考查“介词 + 关系代词” 引导的定语从句
例4.(2012 湖南)Care of the soul is a gradual process ______even the small details of life should be considered .
A.what B. in what C. which D. in which
例5.(2012上海)Have you sent thank-you notes to the relatives from_ _____you received gifts.
A.which B. them C. that D. whom
【答案与解析】4.D 5.D;例4 句意:心灵的呵护是一个逐步的过程,在这个过程中生活中甚至细微的细节都应考虑到。先行词process 为表抽象地点的名词,在从句中作地点状语,故用 in which 引导;例5句意:你有没有发送感谢信给你的那些亲戚啊?要知道你从他们那里收到了礼物。先行词为relatives ,从句中的动词短语为receive from,relatives作from的宾语,故用from whom引导。
【归纳与总结】
(1)在“介词 + 关系代词”引导的定语从句中,关系代词指人时用whom,指物时用which。
(2)介词的选取根据语意和该介词和定语从句中的动词、形容词、名词等的固定搭配。
(3)某些在从句中充当时间、地点或原因状语的“介词 + 关系代词”结构可以同关系副词when/where/why互换。例如:
The room in which there is a machine is a workshop.
=The room where there is a machine is a workshop.
(4)介词若后置在从句中时,关系代词可用that,which或who 引导。
例如:This is the room in which/where I live.=This is the room (that/which)I live in.
(5)有一些不能拆开的动词短语,如look after,pay attention to,take care of,depend on 等,不能使用 “介词+关系代词”的形式来引导定语从句。
热点三、考查“名词/代词/ 数词……+ of + 关系代词”引导的定语从句。
例6.(2012山东)Maria has written two novels,both of ______have been made into television series.
A.them B.that C.which D.what
例7.(2012四川) In our class there are 46 students,______half wear glasses. A.in whom B.in them C.of whom D.of them
【答案与解析】6.C 7.C;例6逗号前后都有谓语动词,说明是复合句,先行词为“two novels”,与从句中的both表示整体与部分的关系,故选C;例7先行词为“46 students”与从句中的half表示整体与部分的关系,故C项正确。
【归纳与总结】
(1)由“名词/代词/数词……+of+关系代词”引导的定语从句和“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句的一样,关系代词指人时用whom,指物时用which。
(2)“名词/代词/数词……+of+关系代词”引导的定语从句可以转换为“of+关系代词+名词/代词/ 数词……”引导的定语从句.如例6.
(3).此种类型的定语从句还可以转换成并列句。如例7可以转换成:Maria has written two novels,and both of them have been made into television series.
热点四、非限制性定语从句中as和which用法的考查
例8.(2012安徽)A lot of language learning, _______has been discovered , is happening in the first year of life , so parents should take much to their children during the period.
A. as B. it C. which D. this
例9.(2012陕西)It is the third time that she has won the race, ______has surprised us all.
A. that B. where C. which D. what
【答案与解析】8.A 9.C;例8 as 指代a lot of language learning is happening in the first year of life, 在从句中作主语,且从句位于句中;例9句意:这是她第三次赢得比赛,这使我们很惊讶。which 指代整个主句,在从句中作主语
【归纳与总结】
(1)as,which指代整个主句的概念,引导非限制性定语从句。
(2)as,which的区别:①位置不同。as引导的非限制性从句可位于主句的前面、中间或后面;但which引导的非限制性从句一般只能放在主句之后。②as 有“正如,正像”之意,常用于be known/expected/reported/shown/
announced 等结构中。
热点五、考查关系副词when, where引导的定语从句
例10.(2012浙江) We live in an age ______more information is available with greater ease than ever before.
A. why B. when C. to whom D. on which
例11.(2012重庆)Sales director is a position _______ communication ability is just as important as sales skills.
A. which B. that C. when D. where
【答案与解析】10.B 11.D;例10 先行词为age ,并在从句中作状语,故用when引导定语从句;例11 先行词为 a position, 在从句中作状语,故用where引导定语从句
【归纳与总结】
(1)关系副词when在定语从句充当时间状语;关系副词where在定语从句充当时间状语。
(2)一些特殊先行词,如case, point, situation, job, position, activity, business 等引导定语从句时,定语从句的引导词常用where, 也可以换成in which.
热点六、考查易和定语从句混淆的各种句型。
例12. (2012上海) There is much truth in the idea______ kindness is usually served by frankness.
A. why B. which C. that D. whether
例13.(2012上海)-----Was it by cutting down staff ______she saved the firm?
------No, it was by improving work efficiency.
A. when B. what C. how D. that
【答案与解析】12.C 13.D;例12 句意:善良通常与坦率共生的,这句话很有道理,后面的整个从句是对the idea 的解释和补充,是一个同位语从句,并且从句中不缺任何成分,that 为最佳答案,粗心的同学有可能选择which;例13.考查强调句型
【归纳与总结】
(1)同位语从句、强调句型等都容易和定语从句混淆。
(2)定语从句与同位语从句的区别:定语从句和前面的名词是修饰与被修饰的关系,同位语从句是用来说明前面的名词的具体内容,这样的名词有fact/ idea/ news/ belief/ truth/ reply 等,that 在定语从句中做成分,当做宾语时可以省略,而在同位语从句中不充当任何成分,只起连接作用,不能省略。
参考文献
[1] 霍荣会,《高中英语语法表解大全》,首都师范大学出版社,2010年7月.