论文部分内容阅读
英语动词有三种语气：陈述语气，祈使语气和虚拟语气。
虚拟语气：用来表示说的话不是事实，或者是不可能发生的情况，而是一种愿望、建议、假设的语气。
虚拟语气的用法：
1. 虚拟语气用于条件状语从句
（1）表示与现在、过去、将来事实相反的假设时，条件状语从句中的谓语动词和主句谓语动词分别如下：
eg. If I were you, I would give the AIDS patient a hug.
If you had taken my advice, you wouldn’t have failed in the exam.
If it were to rain tomorrow, the meeting would be put off.
（2）当条件状语从句表示的行为和主句表示的行为所发生的时间不一致时，动词的形式要根据它所表示的时间来调整。
eg. If you had worked hard, you would be very tired.
（3）以上句型可以转换成下列形式：
a. 省略if，用“were，had，should ＋ 主语”
eg. Were I in school again, I would work harder.
Had you been here earlier, you would have seen him.
Should there be a meeting tomorrow, I would come.
注意：在虚拟条件状语从句中，省略连词的倒装形式的句首不能用动词的缩略形式。
eg. Were it not for the expense, I would go to Italy.
b. 用介词短语代替条件状语从句。
eg. Without air, there would be no living things.
But for your help, I couldn’t have done it.
2. 虚拟语气用于宾语从句
（1）虚拟语气在动词arrange, command, demand, desire, insist, order, propose, request, require, suggest等后面的宾语从句中用“（should）＋ 动词原形”。
（2）“wish ＋ 宾语从句”表示不能实现的愿望，汉语可译为“但愿……”。表示现在不能实现的愿望，从句的谓语动词用过去式；表示将来不能实现的愿望用“would（could）＋ 动词原形”；表示过去不能实现的愿望时用“had ＋ 过去分词”或“would（could）＋ have done”。
（3）“would rather ＋ 宾语从句”，表示“宁愿……”。后面谓语动词的形式同“wish ＋ 宾语从句”中宾语从句中谓语动词的形式。
3. 虚拟语气用于表语从句、同位语从句
作advice, idea, order, demand, plan, proposal, suggestion, request等名词的表语从句和同位语从句，其谓语动词要用虚拟语气的结构“（should）＋ 动词原形”。
eg. We all agreed to his suggestion that we（should）go to Changsha for sightseeing.
My idea is that we（should）do our homework first.
4. 虚拟语气用于主语从句
在主语从句中，谓语动词的虚拟语气结构用“(should)＋ 动词原形”的结构，表示惊奇、不相信、惋惜、理应如此等。主要用于以下句型：
a. It is necessary（important, natural, strange, etc）that ...
b. It was a pity（a shame, no wonder, etc,）that ...
c. It will be desired（suggested, decided, ordered, requested, proposed, etc,）that ...
注意：这种从句表示的是事实，如果说话人对这种事实表现出惊奇的情感，就可用虚拟语气。反之，如果不表示惊奇等情感，that从句也可用陈述语气。
eg. It is strange that he did not come yesterday.
It is a pity that you can’t swim.
5. 虚拟语气用于定语从句
这种从句常用于“It is（high）time that ...”句型中，定语从句后谓语动词用过去式或“should ＋ 动词原形”，should不能省略。
eg. It is (high)time (that)we left (should left).
It is high time(that)we were going.
6. 虚拟语气用于其他情况
a. 在as if（as though），even if（even though）等引导的表语从句或状语从句中，如果从句表示的动作发生在过去，用过去完成时；指现在状况，用过去时；指将来则用过去将来时。
eg. He spoke as if he were a boss.
He speaks English so fluently as if he had studied English abroad.
Even if he were here, he could not help you.
b. 在if only引导的感叹句中，后面谓语动词的形式同as if后面的从句。
eg. If only I had taken his advice.
If only I were a fish.
7. 虚拟语气在简单句中的应用
a. 情态动词的过去式用于现在时态时，表示说话人谦虚、客气、有礼貌或语气委婉，常出现在日常会话中。
eg. It would be better for you not to stay up too late.
Would you be kind enough to open the door?
b. 用于一些习惯表达法中。
eg. Would you like a cup of tea?
I would rather not tell you.
You had better go now.
c. 用“may ＋ 动词原形”表示祝愿、但愿，may置于句首
eg. May you be happy!
May you succeed!
编辑/孙栎栎
虚拟语气：用来表示说的话不是事实，或者是不可能发生的情况，而是一种愿望、建议、假设的语气。
虚拟语气的用法：
1. 虚拟语气用于条件状语从句
（1）表示与现在、过去、将来事实相反的假设时，条件状语从句中的谓语动词和主句谓语动词分别如下：
eg. If I were you, I would give the AIDS patient a hug.
If you had taken my advice, you wouldn’t have failed in the exam.
If it were to rain tomorrow, the meeting would be put off.
（2）当条件状语从句表示的行为和主句表示的行为所发生的时间不一致时，动词的形式要根据它所表示的时间来调整。
eg. If you had worked hard, you would be very tired.
（3）以上句型可以转换成下列形式：
a. 省略if，用“were，had，should ＋ 主语”
eg. Were I in school again, I would work harder.
Had you been here earlier, you would have seen him.
Should there be a meeting tomorrow, I would come.
注意：在虚拟条件状语从句中，省略连词的倒装形式的句首不能用动词的缩略形式。
eg. Were it not for the expense, I would go to Italy.
b. 用介词短语代替条件状语从句。
eg. Without air, there would be no living things.
But for your help, I couldn’t have done it.
2. 虚拟语气用于宾语从句
（1）虚拟语气在动词arrange, command, demand, desire, insist, order, propose, request, require, suggest等后面的宾语从句中用“（should）＋ 动词原形”。
（2）“wish ＋ 宾语从句”表示不能实现的愿望，汉语可译为“但愿……”。表示现在不能实现的愿望，从句的谓语动词用过去式；表示将来不能实现的愿望用“would（could）＋ 动词原形”；表示过去不能实现的愿望时用“had ＋ 过去分词”或“would（could）＋ have done”。
（3）“would rather ＋ 宾语从句”，表示“宁愿……”。后面谓语动词的形式同“wish ＋ 宾语从句”中宾语从句中谓语动词的形式。
3. 虚拟语气用于表语从句、同位语从句
作advice, idea, order, demand, plan, proposal, suggestion, request等名词的表语从句和同位语从句，其谓语动词要用虚拟语气的结构“（should）＋ 动词原形”。
eg. We all agreed to his suggestion that we（should）go to Changsha for sightseeing.
My idea is that we（should）do our homework first.
4. 虚拟语气用于主语从句
在主语从句中，谓语动词的虚拟语气结构用“(should)＋ 动词原形”的结构，表示惊奇、不相信、惋惜、理应如此等。主要用于以下句型：
a. It is necessary（important, natural, strange, etc）that ...
b. It was a pity（a shame, no wonder, etc,）that ...
c. It will be desired（suggested, decided, ordered, requested, proposed, etc,）that ...
注意：这种从句表示的是事实，如果说话人对这种事实表现出惊奇的情感，就可用虚拟语气。反之，如果不表示惊奇等情感，that从句也可用陈述语气。
eg. It is strange that he did not come yesterday.
It is a pity that you can’t swim.
5. 虚拟语气用于定语从句
这种从句常用于“It is（high）time that ...”句型中，定语从句后谓语动词用过去式或“should ＋ 动词原形”，should不能省略。
eg. It is (high)time (that)we left (should left).
It is high time(that)we were going.
6. 虚拟语气用于其他情况
a. 在as if（as though），even if（even though）等引导的表语从句或状语从句中，如果从句表示的动作发生在过去，用过去完成时；指现在状况，用过去时；指将来则用过去将来时。
eg. He spoke as if he were a boss.
He speaks English so fluently as if he had studied English abroad.
Even if he were here, he could not help you.
b. 在if only引导的感叹句中，后面谓语动词的形式同as if后面的从句。
eg. If only I had taken his advice.
If only I were a fish.
7. 虚拟语气在简单句中的应用
a. 情态动词的过去式用于现在时态时，表示说话人谦虚、客气、有礼貌或语气委婉，常出现在日常会话中。
eg. It would be better for you not to stay up too late.
Would you be kind enough to open the door?
b. 用于一些习惯表达法中。
eg. Would you like a cup of tea?
I would rather not tell you.
You had better go now.
c. 用“may ＋ 动词原形”表示祝愿、但愿，may置于句首
eg. May you be happy!
May you succeed!
编辑/孙栎栎