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行为科学家一般都认为,管理的效率在很大程度上取决于信息交流的效率,所以都很注意信息交流效率的提高。詹姆斯·克里宾1972年在《有效的管理领导》一书中指出,对提高信息交流效率至关重要的有四种形象:(1)信息发送者的自我形象;(2)信息发送者对信息接受者的形象; (3)信息接受者对信息发送者的形象; (4)信息接受者所认为的信息发送者的自我形象。詹姆斯·李在1980年又补充了两点:
Behavioral scientists generally believe that the efficiency of management depends to a large extent on the efficiency of information exchange, so they are all paying attention to the improvement of the efficiency of information exchange. In his book “Effective Management Leadership” in 1972, James Kribin pointed out that there are four kinds of images that are crucial to improving the efficiency of information exchange: (1) the self-image of the sender of the information; (2) the sender of the information The image of the recipient of the information; (3) The image of the recipient of the information to the sender of the information; (4) The self-image of the sender of the information considered by the recipient of the information. James Lee added two more points in 1980: