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许多同学会将whoever和who混淆,这主要是没有辨清whoever一词的基本含义及其用法所致。whoever有三种含义,与之相对应的用法也有三种。
(1) 表示“……的那个人”,相当于anyone who/that。此时,whoever具有连接词的功能,引导名词性从句。
例1Whoever told you that was lying. 谁对你说这话,谁就是在撒谎。
例2I’ll give my ticket to whoever wants it. 谁要我的票,我就把票给谁。
例3Whoever you respect will respect you as well. 你尊重别人,别人也会尊重你。
从上述例句可以看出,whoever引导名词性从句时,兼有先行词anyone和关系代词who两个功能。此时,主句的主语或宾语由whoever中隐含的anyone担任;而whoever中包含的who引导定语从句,修饰anyone。
如例1,Whoever told you that was lying相当于Anyone who told you that was lying,whoever包含的anyone是was lying的主语,who told you that修饰anyone。
假如将例1改为Who told you that was lying,则句子不成立。who引导的从句who told you that意为“谁告诉你那件事的”,这是个疑问,“疑问”是不会撒谎的,撒谎的应该是“告诉你那件事的人”。要使句子表达正确,who前面必须有先行词anyone,此时who引导的是一个定语从句。
事实上,who 引导名词性从句时,整个从句在主句中作一定的成分。比如:Who will give you a new class is unknown一句中,从句who will give you a new class作主句的主语。这点和whoever引导名词性从句时有着根本区别。
在判断不清用whoever还是who来引导名词性从句时,可以从句意角度去考虑,也可以通过分析在主句中担任成分的是否为整个从句来判断。
(2) 表示“无论谁,不管什么人”,相当于no matter who。此时,whoever用做连接代词,引导让步状语从句。
whoever在引导让步状语从句时与引导名词性从句时的区别在于,让步状语从句中的whoever不担任主句的句子成分,而名词性从句中的whoever则兼任主句的成分。
例4Whoever says so, it is wrong. 不管谁这样说,这都是错的。
例5Whoever it is, I don’t want to see him. 不管什么人,我都不想见。
例6Whoever you marry, make sure he can cook. 不管你跟谁结婚,他一定要会做饭才行。
(3) 意为“究竟是谁”,常用来表示惊讶,用做疑问代词,是疑问代词who的强调形式。这种情况下whoever也可以分写为who ever。此时,whoever引导的不是从句,而是一个独立的疑问句,且加强了疑问的语气;可与who互换,但who的语气要弱一些。
例7Whoever told you such a stupid story? 究竟是谁告诉你这么愚蠢的事?
例8Whoever could that be at this time of night? 这么晚了,究竟会是谁呢?
【牛刀小试】
1. Give the books toneeds them for the English class and the writing class.
A. whomever B. whom C. who D. whoever
2.telephones, tell him I’m out.
A. Whom B. Whoever C. Who D. No matter
3. Womendrink more than two cups of coffee a day have a greater chance of having heart disease than thosedon’t.
A. who; whoever B. whoever; who
C. who; who D. whoever; whoever
4.will give us a talk is unknown to us all.
A. Whomever B. Who C. Anyone D. No matter who
5.has finished the work ahead of time will be rewarded though we don’t knowit will be.
A. Those who; that B. Anyone; whoever
C. Whoever; who D. No matter who; who
6. “ could have dreamed of such a thing?” I asked in great surprise.
A. Whoever B. Anyone whom
C. No matter who D. Whose
【参考答案】
1. D (此句相当于Give the books to anyone who needs ...)
2. B (根据句意“不论谁来电话”,选B。whoever引导让步状语从句,相当于no matter who)
3. C (此句两空考查定语从句,先行词均为人,故用who引导)
4. B (句意为“谁将给我们作报告还是未知的”,who引导的名词性从句在主句中作主语)
5. C (whoever引导名词性从句;who引导know的宾语从句)
6. A (whoever作为疑问词who的强调形式)
(1) 表示“……的那个人”,相当于anyone who/that。此时,whoever具有连接词的功能,引导名词性从句。
例1Whoever told you that was lying. 谁对你说这话,谁就是在撒谎。
例2I’ll give my ticket to whoever wants it. 谁要我的票,我就把票给谁。
例3Whoever you respect will respect you as well. 你尊重别人,别人也会尊重你。
从上述例句可以看出,whoever引导名词性从句时,兼有先行词anyone和关系代词who两个功能。此时,主句的主语或宾语由whoever中隐含的anyone担任;而whoever中包含的who引导定语从句,修饰anyone。
如例1,Whoever told you that was lying相当于Anyone who told you that was lying,whoever包含的anyone是was lying的主语,who told you that修饰anyone。
假如将例1改为Who told you that was lying,则句子不成立。who引导的从句who told you that意为“谁告诉你那件事的”,这是个疑问,“疑问”是不会撒谎的,撒谎的应该是“告诉你那件事的人”。要使句子表达正确,who前面必须有先行词anyone,此时who引导的是一个定语从句。
事实上,who 引导名词性从句时,整个从句在主句中作一定的成分。比如:Who will give you a new class is unknown一句中,从句who will give you a new class作主句的主语。这点和whoever引导名词性从句时有着根本区别。
在判断不清用whoever还是who来引导名词性从句时,可以从句意角度去考虑,也可以通过分析在主句中担任成分的是否为整个从句来判断。
(2) 表示“无论谁,不管什么人”,相当于no matter who。此时,whoever用做连接代词,引导让步状语从句。
whoever在引导让步状语从句时与引导名词性从句时的区别在于,让步状语从句中的whoever不担任主句的句子成分,而名词性从句中的whoever则兼任主句的成分。
例4Whoever says so, it is wrong. 不管谁这样说,这都是错的。
例5Whoever it is, I don’t want to see him. 不管什么人,我都不想见。
例6Whoever you marry, make sure he can cook. 不管你跟谁结婚,他一定要会做饭才行。
(3) 意为“究竟是谁”,常用来表示惊讶,用做疑问代词,是疑问代词who的强调形式。这种情况下whoever也可以分写为who ever。此时,whoever引导的不是从句,而是一个独立的疑问句,且加强了疑问的语气;可与who互换,但who的语气要弱一些。
例7Whoever told you such a stupid story? 究竟是谁告诉你这么愚蠢的事?
例8Whoever could that be at this time of night? 这么晚了,究竟会是谁呢?
【牛刀小试】
1. Give the books toneeds them for the English class and the writing class.
A. whomever B. whom C. who D. whoever
2.telephones, tell him I’m out.
A. Whom B. Whoever C. Who D. No matter
3. Womendrink more than two cups of coffee a day have a greater chance of having heart disease than thosedon’t.
A. who; whoever B. whoever; who
C. who; who D. whoever; whoever
4.will give us a talk is unknown to us all.
A. Whomever B. Who C. Anyone D. No matter who
5.has finished the work ahead of time will be rewarded though we don’t knowit will be.
A. Those who; that B. Anyone; whoever
C. Whoever; who D. No matter who; who
6. “ could have dreamed of such a thing?” I asked in great surprise.
A. Whoever B. Anyone whom
C. No matter who D. Whose
【参考答案】
1. D (此句相当于Give the books to anyone who needs ...)
2. B (根据句意“不论谁来电话”,选B。whoever引导让步状语从句,相当于no matter who)
3. C (此句两空考查定语从句,先行词均为人,故用who引导)
4. B (句意为“谁将给我们作报告还是未知的”,who引导的名词性从句在主句中作主语)
5. C (whoever引导名词性从句;who引导know的宾语从句)
6. A (whoever作为疑问词who的强调形式)