论文部分内容阅读
一、特殊并列连词while＼when
【例1】I had just stepped out of the bathroom and was busily drying myself with a towel____ I heard the steps．
A．while
B．when
C．since
D．after
【例2】I’d like to study law at universitymy____ cousin prefers geography．
A．though
B．as
C．while
D．for
【答案与解析】BC。作并列连词时，when＼while用法较为特殊，二者区别是：while表两相对照;而when表突然、在那时，常见于be about to do．．．when和Hardly．．．when等句型中。
二、表示原因的连词for＼because＼as＼since
【例3】He found it increasingly difficult to read，____his eyesight was beginning to fail．
A．andB．forC．butD．or
【例4】Jenny was very sad over the loss of the photos she had shot at Canada，____this was a memory she especially treasured．
A．asB．ifC．whenD．where
【例5】 Parents should take seriously their children’s requests for sunglasses_____eye protection is necessary in sunny weather．
A．becauseB．thoughC．unlessD．if
【例6】_____everybody knows about it，I don’t want to talk any more．
A．ForB．EvenC．SinceD．However
【答案与解析】BAAC。引导原因状语从句，as＼because＼since＼for的区别是：because语势最强，用来说明人所未知的原因，回答why提出的问题，可置于强调句中且其前可加修饰语；since是双方都知晓原因或经过分析而得之的原因，语气次之；for是并列连词，前用逗号隔开，表逻辑推理或补充说明；as语气最弱，原因是显而易见的或已为人们所知，即已知原因，所引导的分句可置于句首。
三、并列连词but＼yet＼though
【例7】Excuse me for breaking in，______I have some news for you．
A．so B．and C．but D．yet
【答案与解析】C。but和yet是连词，可等同使用，但也有区别。yet与and连用，构成and yet，但but却无此用法；在“Excuse me＼I’m sorry＼I hope you don’t mind…but’’中，只用but，不用yet。因为在表示对照或对立时，but较为轻松自然；而yet却较为强烈，常出人意料;though作并列连词时，只能引导分句且其前须加逗号。例：
I’ll try to come，though I don’t think I shall manage it．
四、引导名词性从句的从属连词that＼whether＼if
【例8】The traditional view is_____we sleep because our brain is “programmed” to make us do so．
A．whenB．whyC．whetherD．that
【例9】We haven’t settled the question of______ it is necessary for him to study abroad．
A．if
B．whereC．whetherD．that
【答案与解析】DC。引导名词性从句的从属连词that与whether的区别是：句子成分完整且表意确定时选用that连接，句意不确定时选用whether＼if连接;借助it,将真正主语或宾语后置，构成“It…that”句型，但whether＼if不可；下列情形用whether不用if:与or not连用，中间无其他词隔开；作介词宾语；在主语从句、表语从句和同位语从句中。例
Whetherwe’ll go camping tomorrow depends on the weather．
五、表示比较的从属连词what＼as
【例10】Engines are to machines______hearts are to animals．
A．asB．that C．whatD．which
【例11】______I explained on the phone，your request will be considered at the next meeting．
A．WhenB．AfterC．AsD．Since
【例12】What a table! I’ve never seen such a thing before．It is______it is long．
A．half not as wide asB．wide not as half as
C. not half as wide asD．as wide as not half
【答案与解析】CCC。what用作从属连词，表比较，用于A is to B what C is to D结构中；而as表示原级比较，常用于as…as结构中，程度修饰语应置于第一个as之前，嵌入的形容词或副词使用原级。另外还表“正如、按照”，引导方式状语从句。
六、表示条件的从属连词if＼unless＼as long as＼once
【例13】______I know the money is safe，I shall not worry about it.
A．Even thoughB．Unless
C．As long asD．While
【例14】Small sailboats can easily turn over in the water_______they are not managed carefully．
A．thoughB．beforeC．untilD. if
【例15】You will be successful in the interview_____you have confidence．
A．beforeB．onceC．untilD．though
【例16】I won’t call you，_____something unexpected happens．
A．unlessB．whetherC．becauseD．while
【答案与解析】CDBA。表条件的连词if＼unless＼as long as＼once在用法上存在一些差异。as long as用法同only if＼on condition that，强调某事的发生以另一事件的发生为前提；if为正面条件，可能会产生好的或坏的结果，若某种条件产生坏的结果，此时的if可用as long as替换；unless为反面条件，表示除非，如果不，故在真实条件句中常和if…not换用；once既表时间，又包含条件，译作一旦。
七、表示让步的从属连词although＼when＼while
【例17】We had to wait half an hour ______ we had already booked a table．
A．sinceB．although C. until D．before
【例18】______I really don’t like art,I find his work impressive．
A．As
B．Since
C．If
D．While
【答案与解析】BD。although＼when＼while均可表示让步，后两者的用法较为特殊。although／though引导让步状语从句时不与but和yet连用;而while却表示“部分接受，但并非全部”，或用于“强调两种情况、活动等之间的差距”;when也可表示虽然，尽管，同even if,常置于句末。例：
(1)While I accept that he is not perfect,I do actually like the person．
(2)He walks when he might take a taxi．
if用作从属连词，也可表让步，类似though，用以描述自己喜爱的人或物。如：He’s a pleasant child，if a little spoiled．
八、从属连词so that＼in case
【例19】I’d like to arrive 20 minutes early______I can have time for a cup of tea．
A．as soon as B．as a result
C．in caseD．so that
【例20】Leave your key with a neighbor_______you lock yourself out one day．
A．ever sinceB．even if
C．sooner after D．in case
【答案与解析】DD。so that既表示结果又表示目的。若置于主句后，用逗号隔开常表结果；与情态动词连用常表目的。in case表示假设，译作“万一”。例：
I always take something to read when I go to the doctor’s in case I have to wait．
九、关联连词so／such…that
【例21】Pop music is such an important part of society________it has even influenced our language．
A．as
B．thatC．whichD．where
【例22】_______homework did we have to do that we had no time to take a rest．
A．So muchB．Too much
C．Too littleD．So little
【答案与解析】BA。关联连词so／such…that(如此……以致)，只表结果，置于句首时，主句要部分倒装;so为副词，后续形容词或副词。such后续名词，名词前可接限定词；such that可表程度。例：Her cruelty is such that we all hate her．
十、表原因的从属连词now that＼in that
【例23】_______you’ve got a chance，you might as well make full use of it．
A．Now thatB．After
C．AlthoughD．As soon as
【答案与解析】A。now that既然，从now可知，使用时应注意时间;in that表“在于”，属正式用语，不置于句首。例：
Human beings are different from animals in that they can use language as a tool to communicate．
十一、表时间的从属连词when＼while＼as
【例24】-______I’m going to the post office．
-________you’re there，can you get me some stamps?
A．As
B．WhileC．BecauseD．If
【例25】Mother was worried because little Alice was ill，especially________Father was away in France．
A．as
B．thatC．during D．if
【例26】—Where’s that report?
—I brought it to you_______you were in Mr．Black’s office yesterday．
A．ifB．whenC．becauseD．before
【答案与解析】BAB。when＼while＼as用法区别是：主从句动作先后发生用when；两个较长动作同时发生用while，从句谓语动词为延续性动词，还可译作“趁着”;特别强调主从句动作同时发生时用as，译作“一边……一边”，as还可表“随着”。例：
(1)Strike while the iron is hot．
(2)As the day went on，the weather got worse．
十二、表时间的从属连词since＼until＼before
【例27】It is difficult for us to learn a lesson in life______we’ve actually had that lesson．
A．untilB．afterC．sinceD．when
【例28】That was really a splendid evening．It’s years_____I enjoyed myself so much．
A．whenB．thatC．beforeD．since
【答案与解析】AD。since＼until＼before强调的时间不尽相同，since表示“自从……以来”，until表示“直到……止”，before表示“在……之前”；若主句谓语动词为非延续性动词的否定式，使用until和before基本上没有区别。例：He didn’t leave until＼before the rain stopped．
十三、表时间的从属连词before＼after
【例29】 The field research will take Joan and Paul about five months；it will be a long time _____we meet them again．
A．afterB．beforeC．sinceD．when
【答案与解析】B。连词before和after表示时间的差异是：before表“在……之前”，此词在具体语境中有不同含义，可译作“宁愿、不知不觉、要不然、否则”等。尤见于“It will be＼was+时间+before…，”句型中；而after表“在……之后”，与before相反。
十四、表示时间的句型It’s+时间+when＼since＼before＼that中连词
【例30】-Did Jack come early last night?
-Yes．It was not yet eight o’clock_____he arrived home．
A．beforeB．whenC．thatD．until
【例31】 It wasn’t until nearly a month later_____I received the manager’s reply．
A．sinceB．whenC．asD．that
【答案与解析】BD。例30题考查从属连词，涉及句式结构“It’s…when”从句的用法。when常接在时间名词之后。句意：他到家时还不到八点。注意句型It’s+时间+when＼since＼before＼that中连词的选择。若将it、 be动词和连接词删除，整个句子句意完整，那么此句为强调句，否则为时间状语从句或名词性从句。
十五、关联连词no sooner…than…＼hardly…when…
【例32】-Did Linda see the traffic accident?
-No，no sooner_____than it happened．
A．had she goneB．she had gone
C．has she goneD．she has gone
【答案与解析】A。no sooner…than…和hardly…when…相当于as soon as之意，从句谓语动词用一般过去时，主句谓语动词用过去完成时。置于句首时，主句的谓语要部分倒装。例：
Hardly had he got into the room when the telephone rang．
十六、引导让步状语从句的连接词however＼no matter how
【例33】This is a very interesting book．I’ll buy it，_____.
A．how much may it cost
B．it may cost
C．however much it may cost
D．how may it cost
【答案与解析】C。however＼no matter how的区别是：前者可引导名词性从句和让步状语从句，而后者只能引导状语从句。另外，however还可用作连接副词，与标点符号连用，表示然而。
例：“Maybe I should drop out,” I thought as I moved on．However,I decided to keep going．
十七、连接词even if＼as if
【例34】Allow children the space to voice their opinions，_____they are different from your own．
A．untilB．even if
C．unlessD．as though
【答案与解析】B。even if与as if只是形似，意义上差别很大。前者引导让步状语从句，用法同even though;后者引导方式状语从句，表“似乎”。例：
Elize remember everything exactly as if it happened yesterday．
十八、引导名词性从句连接词what＼that
【例35】There is much chance_____Bill will recover from his injury in time for the race．
A．that
B．which
C．until
D．if
【例36】_____matters most in learning English is enough practice．
A．WhatB．WhyC．WhereD．Which
【答案与解析】AA。what与that区别是：前者担任句子成分，有一定意义;后者不担任句子成分，无具体意义，只起连接作用，宾语从句中常省略，其他从句中不可省略。
十九、引导定语从句的when＼since when
【例37】The book was written in 1946，_____the education system has witnessed great changes．
A．whenB．during which
C．since thenD．since when
【答案与解析】D。前后句用逗号隔开，为主从关系，排除选项C；从定语从句时态上考虑，只有since常与完成时连用，故排除选项A和B。when除用作关系副词引导定语从句外，还可用作代词，和介词since＼by等连用，可引起疑问句或定语从句。又如：Since when has the country been open to international trade?
二十、引导名词性从句连接词what＼which
【例38】There are so many kinds of tape recorders on sale that I can’t make up my mind_____to buy．
A．whatB．whichC．howD．where
【例39】It is none of your business_____other people think about you．Believe yourself.
A．howB．whatC．whichD．when
【答案与解析】BB。what与which共同点是均可指“什么”，担任句子成分，起连接作用；不同点是：what指不定范围的“什么”，而which指一定范围内的“什么”，常译作“哪一个”。
(审稿：马燕编校：王静)
【例1】I had just stepped out of the bathroom and was busily drying myself with a towel____ I heard the steps．
A．while
B．when
C．since
D．after
【例2】I’d like to study law at universitymy____ cousin prefers geography．
A．though
B．as
C．while
D．for
【答案与解析】BC。作并列连词时，when＼while用法较为特殊，二者区别是：while表两相对照;而when表突然、在那时，常见于be about to do．．．when和Hardly．．．when等句型中。
二、表示原因的连词for＼because＼as＼since
【例3】He found it increasingly difficult to read，____his eyesight was beginning to fail．
A．andB．forC．butD．or
【例4】Jenny was very sad over the loss of the photos she had shot at Canada，____this was a memory she especially treasured．
A．asB．ifC．whenD．where
【例5】 Parents should take seriously their children’s requests for sunglasses_____eye protection is necessary in sunny weather．
A．becauseB．thoughC．unlessD．if
【例6】_____everybody knows about it，I don’t want to talk any more．
A．ForB．EvenC．SinceD．However
【答案与解析】BAAC。引导原因状语从句，as＼because＼since＼for的区别是：because语势最强，用来说明人所未知的原因，回答why提出的问题，可置于强调句中且其前可加修饰语；since是双方都知晓原因或经过分析而得之的原因，语气次之；for是并列连词，前用逗号隔开，表逻辑推理或补充说明；as语气最弱，原因是显而易见的或已为人们所知，即已知原因，所引导的分句可置于句首。
三、并列连词but＼yet＼though
【例7】Excuse me for breaking in，______I have some news for you．
A．so B．and C．but D．yet
【答案与解析】C。but和yet是连词，可等同使用，但也有区别。yet与and连用，构成and yet，但but却无此用法；在“Excuse me＼I’m sorry＼I hope you don’t mind…but’’中，只用but，不用yet。因为在表示对照或对立时，but较为轻松自然；而yet却较为强烈，常出人意料;though作并列连词时，只能引导分句且其前须加逗号。例：
I’ll try to come，though I don’t think I shall manage it．
四、引导名词性从句的从属连词that＼whether＼if
【例8】The traditional view is_____we sleep because our brain is “programmed” to make us do so．
A．whenB．whyC．whetherD．that
【例9】We haven’t settled the question of______ it is necessary for him to study abroad．
A．if
B．whereC．whetherD．that
【答案与解析】DC。引导名词性从句的从属连词that与whether的区别是：句子成分完整且表意确定时选用that连接，句意不确定时选用whether＼if连接;借助it,将真正主语或宾语后置，构成“It…that”句型，但whether＼if不可；下列情形用whether不用if:与or not连用，中间无其他词隔开；作介词宾语；在主语从句、表语从句和同位语从句中。例
Whetherwe’ll go camping tomorrow depends on the weather．
五、表示比较的从属连词what＼as
【例10】Engines are to machines______hearts are to animals．
A．asB．that C．whatD．which
【例11】______I explained on the phone，your request will be considered at the next meeting．
A．WhenB．AfterC．AsD．Since
【例12】What a table! I’ve never seen such a thing before．It is______it is long．
A．half not as wide asB．wide not as half as
C. not half as wide asD．as wide as not half
【答案与解析】CCC。what用作从属连词，表比较，用于A is to B what C is to D结构中；而as表示原级比较，常用于as…as结构中，程度修饰语应置于第一个as之前，嵌入的形容词或副词使用原级。另外还表“正如、按照”，引导方式状语从句。
六、表示条件的从属连词if＼unless＼as long as＼once
【例13】______I know the money is safe，I shall not worry about it.
A．Even thoughB．Unless
C．As long asD．While
【例14】Small sailboats can easily turn over in the water_______they are not managed carefully．
A．thoughB．beforeC．untilD. if
【例15】You will be successful in the interview_____you have confidence．
A．beforeB．onceC．untilD．though
【例16】I won’t call you，_____something unexpected happens．
A．unlessB．whetherC．becauseD．while
【答案与解析】CDBA。表条件的连词if＼unless＼as long as＼once在用法上存在一些差异。as long as用法同only if＼on condition that，强调某事的发生以另一事件的发生为前提；if为正面条件，可能会产生好的或坏的结果，若某种条件产生坏的结果，此时的if可用as long as替换；unless为反面条件，表示除非，如果不，故在真实条件句中常和if…not换用；once既表时间，又包含条件，译作一旦。
七、表示让步的从属连词although＼when＼while
【例17】We had to wait half an hour ______ we had already booked a table．
A．sinceB．although C. until D．before
【例18】______I really don’t like art,I find his work impressive．
A．As
B．Since
C．If
D．While
【答案与解析】BD。although＼when＼while均可表示让步，后两者的用法较为特殊。although／though引导让步状语从句时不与but和yet连用;而while却表示“部分接受，但并非全部”，或用于“强调两种情况、活动等之间的差距”;when也可表示虽然，尽管，同even if,常置于句末。例：
(1)While I accept that he is not perfect,I do actually like the person．
(2)He walks when he might take a taxi．
if用作从属连词，也可表让步，类似though，用以描述自己喜爱的人或物。如：He’s a pleasant child，if a little spoiled．
八、从属连词so that＼in case
【例19】I’d like to arrive 20 minutes early______I can have time for a cup of tea．
A．as soon as B．as a result
C．in caseD．so that
【例20】Leave your key with a neighbor_______you lock yourself out one day．
A．ever sinceB．even if
C．sooner after D．in case
【答案与解析】DD。so that既表示结果又表示目的。若置于主句后，用逗号隔开常表结果；与情态动词连用常表目的。in case表示假设，译作“万一”。例：
I always take something to read when I go to the doctor’s in case I have to wait．
九、关联连词so／such…that
【例21】Pop music is such an important part of society________it has even influenced our language．
A．as
B．thatC．whichD．where
【例22】_______homework did we have to do that we had no time to take a rest．
A．So muchB．Too much
C．Too littleD．So little
【答案与解析】BA。关联连词so／such…that(如此……以致)，只表结果，置于句首时，主句要部分倒装;so为副词，后续形容词或副词。such后续名词，名词前可接限定词；such that可表程度。例：Her cruelty is such that we all hate her．
十、表原因的从属连词now that＼in that
【例23】_______you’ve got a chance，you might as well make full use of it．
A．Now thatB．After
C．AlthoughD．As soon as
【答案与解析】A。now that既然，从now可知，使用时应注意时间;in that表“在于”，属正式用语，不置于句首。例：
Human beings are different from animals in that they can use language as a tool to communicate．
十一、表时间的从属连词when＼while＼as
【例24】-______I’m going to the post office．
-________you’re there，can you get me some stamps?
A．As
B．WhileC．BecauseD．If
【例25】Mother was worried because little Alice was ill，especially________Father was away in France．
A．as
B．thatC．during D．if
【例26】—Where’s that report?
—I brought it to you_______you were in Mr．Black’s office yesterday．
A．ifB．whenC．becauseD．before
【答案与解析】BAB。when＼while＼as用法区别是：主从句动作先后发生用when；两个较长动作同时发生用while，从句谓语动词为延续性动词，还可译作“趁着”;特别强调主从句动作同时发生时用as，译作“一边……一边”，as还可表“随着”。例：
(1)Strike while the iron is hot．
(2)As the day went on，the weather got worse．
十二、表时间的从属连词since＼until＼before
【例27】It is difficult for us to learn a lesson in life______we’ve actually had that lesson．
A．untilB．afterC．sinceD．when
【例28】That was really a splendid evening．It’s years_____I enjoyed myself so much．
A．whenB．thatC．beforeD．since
【答案与解析】AD。since＼until＼before强调的时间不尽相同，since表示“自从……以来”，until表示“直到……止”，before表示“在……之前”；若主句谓语动词为非延续性动词的否定式，使用until和before基本上没有区别。例：He didn’t leave until＼before the rain stopped．
十三、表时间的从属连词before＼after
【例29】 The field research will take Joan and Paul about five months；it will be a long time _____we meet them again．
A．afterB．beforeC．sinceD．when
【答案与解析】B。连词before和after表示时间的差异是：before表“在……之前”，此词在具体语境中有不同含义，可译作“宁愿、不知不觉、要不然、否则”等。尤见于“It will be＼was+时间+before…，”句型中；而after表“在……之后”，与before相反。
十四、表示时间的句型It’s+时间+when＼since＼before＼that中连词
【例30】-Did Jack come early last night?
-Yes．It was not yet eight o’clock_____he arrived home．
A．beforeB．whenC．thatD．until
【例31】 It wasn’t until nearly a month later_____I received the manager’s reply．
A．sinceB．whenC．asD．that
【答案与解析】BD。例30题考查从属连词，涉及句式结构“It’s…when”从句的用法。when常接在时间名词之后。句意：他到家时还不到八点。注意句型It’s+时间+when＼since＼before＼that中连词的选择。若将it、 be动词和连接词删除，整个句子句意完整，那么此句为强调句，否则为时间状语从句或名词性从句。
十五、关联连词no sooner…than…＼hardly…when…
【例32】-Did Linda see the traffic accident?
-No，no sooner_____than it happened．
A．had she goneB．she had gone
C．has she goneD．she has gone
【答案与解析】A。no sooner…than…和hardly…when…相当于as soon as之意，从句谓语动词用一般过去时，主句谓语动词用过去完成时。置于句首时，主句的谓语要部分倒装。例：
Hardly had he got into the room when the telephone rang．
十六、引导让步状语从句的连接词however＼no matter how
【例33】This is a very interesting book．I’ll buy it，_____.
A．how much may it cost
B．it may cost
C．however much it may cost
D．how may it cost
【答案与解析】C。however＼no matter how的区别是：前者可引导名词性从句和让步状语从句，而后者只能引导状语从句。另外，however还可用作连接副词，与标点符号连用，表示然而。
例：“Maybe I should drop out,” I thought as I moved on．However,I decided to keep going．
十七、连接词even if＼as if
【例34】Allow children the space to voice their opinions，_____they are different from your own．
A．untilB．even if
C．unlessD．as though
【答案与解析】B。even if与as if只是形似，意义上差别很大。前者引导让步状语从句，用法同even though;后者引导方式状语从句，表“似乎”。例：
Elize remember everything exactly as if it happened yesterday．
十八、引导名词性从句连接词what＼that
【例35】There is much chance_____Bill will recover from his injury in time for the race．
A．that
B．which
C．until
D．if
【例36】_____matters most in learning English is enough practice．
A．WhatB．WhyC．WhereD．Which
【答案与解析】AA。what与that区别是：前者担任句子成分，有一定意义;后者不担任句子成分，无具体意义，只起连接作用，宾语从句中常省略，其他从句中不可省略。
十九、引导定语从句的when＼since when
【例37】The book was written in 1946，_____the education system has witnessed great changes．
A．whenB．during which
C．since thenD．since when
【答案与解析】D。前后句用逗号隔开，为主从关系，排除选项C；从定语从句时态上考虑，只有since常与完成时连用，故排除选项A和B。when除用作关系副词引导定语从句外，还可用作代词，和介词since＼by等连用，可引起疑问句或定语从句。又如：Since when has the country been open to international trade?
二十、引导名词性从句连接词what＼which
【例38】There are so many kinds of tape recorders on sale that I can’t make up my mind_____to buy．
A．whatB．whichC．howD．where
【例39】It is none of your business_____other people think about you．Believe yourself.
A．howB．whatC．whichD．when
【答案与解析】BB。what与which共同点是均可指“什么”，担任句子成分，起连接作用；不同点是：what指不定范围的“什么”，而which指一定范围内的“什么”，常译作“哪一个”。
(审稿：马燕编校：王静)