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在20世纪60-70年代,美国、苏联先后向火星、金星、木星和土星发射了几十个探测器,并实现了火星和金星的机器人着陆。这些探测器中以探测火星和金星的居多,仅有几个掠过木星和土星,而且未能获得这些巨行星的全貌。1989年和1997年发射的“伽利略”(Galileo)木星探测器和“卡西尼-惠更斯”(CassiniHuygens)土星探测器分别进入了木星和土星轨道,实现了大气就位探测和土卫六表面着陆,获得了前所未有的资料,更激发了世界对这2颗巨行星及其卫星的关注。2004年,美国航空航天局(NASA)和欧洲航天局(ESA)先后发布的深空探索愿景中均规划了木星及土星探测任务。2008年,NASA和ESA组成了木星系探测联合研究组(JSDT),提出了在2020年后实施“木卫二木星系统任务”(EJSM)和“土卫六土星系统任务”(TSSM),美欧将集中资源联合开展木星系和土星系探索任务。2011年,美国选定了“土星海”(TiME)着陆器作为2016年的发现级备选任务。2012年5月,ESA确定了将在2022年发射“木星冰月探测器”(JUICE),将探测木星卫星存在生命的可能性。
In the 1960s and 1970s, the United States and the Soviet Union launched dozens of probes to Mars, Venus, Jupiter and Saturn successively, and achieved the robot landing of Mars and Venus. The detectors, which detect Mars and Venus, only swept past Jupiter and Saturn and failed to capture the full picture of these giant planets. The “Galileo” Jupiter and “Cassini Huygens” Saturn, launched in 1989 and 1997, entered the orbits of Jupiter and Saturn, respectively, to achieve atmospheric in situ detection And Titan surface landing, access to unprecedented information, but also inspired the world’s attention on the two giant planets and their satellites. In 2004, missions to Jupiter and Saturn were planned in the deep space exploration vision successively released by NASA and the European Space Agency (ESA). In 2008, NASA and ESA formed the Jupiter Exploration Joint Research Group (JSDT), proposing the implementation of the “Jupiter Jupiter System Task” (EJSM) and the “Titan Saturn System Mission” TSSM), the United States and Europe will focus their resources on joint exploration of the Jupiter and Saturn missions. In 2011, the United States selected the TiME lander as its 2016 discovery-level alternative. In May 2012, the ESA confirmed that it will launch “JUICE” in 2022 to detect the existence of a Jupiter satellite.